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ITP chap 3
zITP chap 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| who were Gestalt psychologists | Wertheimer, Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler |
| Phi Phenomena- apparent motion | we perceive things as moving, our perception is different than the stimulus we are actually receiving -stroboscopic effect |
| Koffka | went to America to popularize Gestalt |
| Wolfgang Kohler | -island of Tenerife -insight -sultan the chimp -Satori (enlightenment) -stood up for Jews |
| Sultan | chimpanzee studied by Kohler. learned through insight instead of reinforcement or operant conditioing |
| Satori | Japanese term for enlightenment/ awakening |
| What is Satori often accompanied by | laughter |
| What insight did Sultan gain | -stacking boxes to reach bananas -connecting bamboo sticks to reach bananas |
| Max Planck | studied physics with Kohler |
| Pithiness | concise and meaningful “orderliness.” It’s the brain’s craving for simplicity, |
| Gestalt | more than the sum of its parts DIFFERENT than the sum of its parts |
| 3 perceptual constancies | size - color - shape consistency |
| Gestalt principals | continuity, proximity, similarity, closure, pragnanz |
| similarity | items that are alike another are grouped together -X+O rows and columns file:///C:/Users/lizge/Downloads/Screenshot_17-9-2024_1431_.jpeg |
| proximity | objects close to one another are grouped together file:///C:/Users/lizge/Downloads/Screenshot_17-9-2024_14410_.jpeg |
| pragnanz | reality is reduced to simplest form -olympic 5 circles, - MANDORLA |
| closure | objects grouped together are seen as a whole -3 lines not touching we see as a whole triangle file:///C:/Users/lizge/Downloads/Screenshot_17-9-2024_14526_.jpeg |
| continuity | lines are seen as following smoothest path |
| Wertheimer | founder of Gestalt psychology -taught Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler |
| Law of Pragnanz | we like to see complex things as simple, and incomplete things as complete |
| Lamark | brought the idea that an organism can pass on its physical strong characteristic to its offspring |
| Cardinal trait | dominates and shapes a persons behaviors |
| british empiricism | school of philosophy that predecessors behavioralism |
| Macchiavelli | "the ends justify the means" -famous for being ruthless |
| ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny | development of the embryo traces evolutionary steps of development of it's species (untrue) idea that through development we trace evolutionary steps. |
| Dazzle | unpredictable pattens helpful to camouflage ships. -torpedoes had a hard time targeting ships because of the confusing pattern |
| what do zebra's patterns do for them | disrupts a fly's attraction to what they land on |
| transposition | an argument (rap battle) between Kohler (gestalt) and Spence (behaviorist) -white, grey, black paper experiment- will chickens continue going to the darker paper because they were shooed away from the white gestalt believed chickens chose the black beca |
| principal of parsimony | to use very few words same as Occam's Razor |
| Occam's Razor | simplest explanation for something is usually best -you hear hoof feet coming and know a horse is coming -thinking of chickens choose dark paper- not considering the reason and science of why they chose the dark |
| Hanlon's Razor | don't attribute to malice that which can be explained by stupidity -stupid people don't mean to be bad, they just don't know any better |
| intrinsic motivation | coming from inside -sense of accomplishment, getting things right feels good |
| extrinsic reinforcement | coming from outside -someone offers money as a reward |
| Kert Lewin | founder of social psychology -principle of contemporaneity |
| Lewin's principle of contemporaneity | tweaked/changed Freud's thinking -why we act a certain way -you are impacted strongly by a current event when it reminds you of an event that happened at age 5 |
| Skinner's idea of why you act a certain way | most recent trauma affects you more than past trauma |
| Freud's idea of why you act a certain why | trauma from age 5 will affect you more than recent trauma -more likely than Skinner's theory |
| Zeigarnik effect | Student of Lewin -you remember unfinished things more than finished things - tension of being unfinished -solving unsolved issues -Mozart finished his work while sick because of the icky feeling of not being complete |
| Dollard and Miller created what | Double approach avoid |
| approach approach | Lewin theory -positive and positive -i want ice cream and i want cake |
| avoid avoid | Lewin theory -negative and negative -i dont want to study but I dont want an F |
| approach avoid | Lewin theory -Positive and negative -I want cake but i dont want to get fat |
| double approach avoid | Dollard and Miller -two diff options have both positive and negatives -NY has friends and family, but no job -Cali has no friends and family, but has a job |
| Festinger | student of Lewin -cognitive dissonance |
| cognitive dissonance | when a thought and emotion are in opposition, which causes friction/tension/ICKY feeling to fix/remove icky feeling you need to change either a thought or emotion |
| foot in the door | cognitive dissonance -first asking for a small amount hoping that will lead to receiving more -asking for 25 cents and receiving 1 dollar |
| door in the face | cognitive dissonance -asking for a lot and ending up receiving a small amount |
| Tavris | in order for anger to be affective it has to be not too little, not too much (because we feel guilt) and to the right person |
| What is wrong with Tavris's idea? | we tend not to feel guilty but instead blame the other person for being affected by our anger |
| monocular | things you can see with one eye -no convergence |
| binocular | includes convergence -two eyes |
| gestalt transposition idea | chickens learned tp pick the darker one the black paper because it is darker |
| behaviorsist transposition idea | grey is partially white so when taking the white completely out the chickens chose the black paper because they learned the color white is no good |
| face validity | doesn't look valid, but could still possibly have validity |
| figure ground | simplify a scene into the main object we are looking at (the figure) and everything else that forms the background (or ground). |
| inter rater reliability | measuring agreement between multiple raters |
| external validity | extent to which results generalize/apply to the outside world |
| IRB institutional review board | evaluates research (humans and animals) makes sure research is ethical |
| hawthorne affect | people behave differently when they know they are being observed |
| validity | truthfulness-do the results measure what it says it will -correlation |
Created by:
liz gelles