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Psychology
key terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Inter-rater reliability | different researchers are measuring/recording data the same consistency of methods in different people. |
| intra-rater reliability | how consistent one person is at collecting data the same way. |
| Hypothesis | An assumption/ idea hat is proposed so that it can be tested to see if it might be true |
| Alternative Hypothesis | A theory that the observations are related in some way (for example there is a positive correlation between height and shoe size) |
| Null Hypothesis | There is no correlation between two variables being tested (for example there is no difference between salary in workers because they are a different gender) |
| Directional Hypothesis | When a prediction is made about the specific effects of an experimental variable - specifies the expected direction to be followed to determine the relationship between variable ('Caffeine increases your energy' (because it predicts a specific effect)) |
| Non-Directional Hypothesis | Hypothesis that does not predict the direction of the different or relationship (for example girls and boys are different in terms of helpfulness) |
| Variable | Things that can be changed or altered, such as a characteristic or value |
| Independent Variable | The characteristic of an experiment that is manipulated or changed by researchers, not by other variables in the experiment (for example a test is done o students and there test scores, the IV is the amount of time the students spent studying) |
| Dependent Variable | The variable that changes as a result of the independent variable changing (for example a test is done on students and there test scores, the DV is the grades that the students get) |
| Operationalisation | The process of defining abstract concepts through measurable observations and quantifiable data |
| Operationalised Hypothesis | Tells you how the main concepts were put into effect |
| Random Allocation | An attempt to control fro participant variables in an independent groups design which ensures that each participant has the same chance of being in one condition than any other |
| Generalisability | In relation to research findings, the extent to which findings and conclusions from a particular investigation can be broadly applied to the population. |
| Mundane Realism | Refers to how an experiment mirrors the real world. |
| Validity | The extent to which a study measures what it sets out to measure which makes it genuine and accurate. |
| Reliability | The extent to which an experiment, when repeated, will get the same results and so is consistent. |
| Confounding Variable | A kind of extraneous variable but the key features is that a confounding variable varies systematically with the independent variable. So we cant tell if any change in the DV is due to the IV or the confounding variable. E.g the different monkey heads |
| Demand Characteristics | People act a certain way because it is a study and the situation/ presence around you e.g the Bobo doll experiment - the kids kicked the doll not because they were angry but because they saw other people do it. |
| Objective | Basing findings on facts rather than opinions. |
| systematic | A well ordered method/ system for close examinations or behaviour. |
| Empirical method | Phenomenons (ideas) that can be observed and measured. |
| Counterbalance | A research technique to control for order effects in repeated measures designs, ensuring results aren't biased by task sequence. |
| Random allocation | A research technique where participants are places into different study groups purely by chance, ensuring each person has an equal opportunity, like drawing names from a hat or using a computer generator |
| Order effects | Systematic changes in participant responses due to the sequence or order in which tasks, questions, or conditions are presented, rather than the conditions themselves. |
| Participant variables | Individual characteristics (like age, gender, IQ, mood) that can influence how a participant responds to an experiment. |
| Ecological validity | The extent to which experimental findings can be generalised to real-life situations, considering the realism and immersive nature of the experimental settings. |
| Investigator effect | When the researcher's presence/behaviour interferes with the research process and becomes a source of bias. |
| What are the four types of experimental designs? | - Independent measures. - Repeated measures -Matched pairs -Quasi-experimental design. |
| What is the definition of experimental designs? | It is the detailed plan for how researchers structure an experiment to test a hypothesis to see if one variable causes changes in another. |
| Independent measures (experimental design) | Using different participants in each condition in a study -Uses random allocation - ADVS - no order effects- don't learn the study -DIS- bigger sample size |
| Repeated measures (experimental design) | Where the same participants for the study in every condition -ADVS- eliminates individual experiences + same people - internal validity - DIS- order effects (practice,boredom) + demand characteristics (try guess the study) |
| Matched pairs (experimental designs) | Participants are paired based on key characteristics (age,IQ etc) then one is taken to the experimental group and the other to the controlled group. ADVS- boosts reliability and validity DIS- only can be used when there are two treatment conditions. |
| Quasi-experimental design | Uses existing groups (houses, classrooms, communities) to to evaluate an intervention. (DOES NOT RANDOMLY ASSIGN) ADVS- useful for real-world + allows research when random assignment is unethical DIS- ambiguous causality low internal validity |
Created by:
Frankie0