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Endocrine System
The Endpcrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The _________________________________ describes the cooperation of the nervous and endocrine system to perform the general functions of communication, integration and control | neuroendocrine system |
| The _________________________________ describes the cooperation of the nervous and endocrine system to perform the general functions of what 3 systems | communication, control and integration |
| -nervous -both electrical and chemical-endocrine -only chemical | communication |
| -nervous -reacts quickly (1 -10 msec), stops quickly-endocrine -reacts slowly (hormone release in seconds or days), effect may continue for weeks | speed and persistence of response |
| _______________________ act as chemical messengers that are secreted into the bloodstream, and stimulates a tissue or organ | hormones |
| ____________________________ have specific receptors for different hormones | target cells |
| _________________________________ are the cells that produce hormones | endocrine glands |
| -nervous -response declines (adapts quickly)-endocrine -response persists | adaptation to long term stimuli |
| -nervous -targeted and specific (one organ)-endocrine -general, widespread effects (many organs) | area of effect |
| -NE, cholecystokinin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, dopamine and ADH | several chemicals function as both hormones and neurotransmitters |
| -oxytocinand catecholamines | some hormones secreted by neuroendocrine cells |
| -NE and glucagon cause glycogen hydrolysis in liver | both systems w/ overlapping effects on same target cells |
| -neurons trigger hormone secretion-hormones stimulate or inhibit neurons | systems regulate each other |
| _______________________ –target other endocrine glands and stimulated their growth and secretion | topic hormone |
| ________________________________ –target reproductive tissues | sex hormones |
| _________________________________–stimulate anabolism in target cells | anabolic hormones |
| ________________________________ are synthesized from cholesterol. They are lipid-soluble and therefore can easily pass through the plasma membrane of target cells. | steriod hormone |
| _________________________________ are synthesized primarily from amino acids. | nonsteroid hormones |
| •_________________________________ are long, folded chains of amino acids | protien hormones |
| •________________________________ are protein hormones with carbohydrates groups attached to the amino acid chain. | glycoprotein hormones |
| •________________________________ are smaller than protein hormones | peptide hormone |
| •__________________________________ are derived form a single amino acid molecule | amino acid hormone |
| Hormones work via a _____________ mechanism, i.e. they will bind only to receptor molecules that “fit” them exactly. | “lock-and-key” |
| ____________________________________ is the complex process by which each different hormone-receptor interaction produces different regulatory changes within the target cell. | signal transduction |
| ____________________________ is the combination of hormones have a greater effect on a target cell than the sum of the effects each would have if acting alone | synergism |
| _______________________________________ occurs when a small amount of one hormone allows a second hormone to have its full effect on a target cell | permissiveness |
| _______________________________ occurs when one hormone produces the opposite effect of another. This allows the endocrine system to “fine tune” the activity of the cell | antagonism |
| slow acting hormones act via _____________________________ and result in protein synthesis. | nuclear receptors |
| •___________________________ of the adrenacortex and gonads | steriod hormones(slow acting) |
| •____________________________ of the thyroid gland | amine hormones(slow acting) |
| fast acting hormones act via ________________________________________________ | membrane receptors, g protiens, 2nd messenger system |
| _______________________________ of the hypothalamus, pituitary, pancreas, and GI tract | peptide hormones(fast acting) |
| ______________________________________ of the adrenal medulla | catechalamine hormone(fast acting) |
| Remember that the ____________________________ forms the floor and walls of the 3rdventricle of the brain. | hypothalamus |
| Suspended from the hypothalamus is the ___________________________. | Pituitary Gland |
| 1.____________________________ which has two parts the largest being the ___________________ | adenohypophysis/anterior lobe |
| -The anterior lobe has no nervous connection with the hypothalamus but is connected to it by blood vessels called the _______________________________________________. | hypophseal portal system |
| 2._______________________________ has three parts and the largest being the __________________ | neurohypophysis/posterior lobe |
| Female: secretionof estrogenMale: sperm production | follicle-stimulating hormone(anterior pituitary)Ovaries, testes |
| Female: ovulationMale:testosterone secretion | luteinizing hormone(anterior pituitary)Ovaries, testes |
| Growth of thyroid, secretion of thyroid hormone | thyroid-stimulating hormone(anterior pituitary)thyroid |
| Growth of adrenal cortex, secretion of corticosteroids | adrenocorticotropic(anterior pituitary)Adrenal Cortex |
| Female: milksynthesisMale: increase LH sensitivity and testosterone secretion | prolactin(anterior pituitary)Mammary glands, testes |
| Widespreadtissue growth | growth hormone(anterior pituitary)Liver, Bone,Muscle, Fat |
| Water retention | antiduric hormone(posterior pituitary)Kidney |
| Labor contractions,milk release | oxytocin(posterior pituitary)Uterus, Mammary glands |
| The ____________________________ is the largest endocrine gland | thyroid gland |
| The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland and is composed mostly of sacs called ____________________________. | thyroid follices |
| The thyroid follicles secrete two main thyroid hormones | triiodothyronie T3 and thyroxin T4 |
| Each follicle is filled with a protein-rich colloid and lined by a ____________________________- | simple cuboidalepithelium of collicularcells. |
| The primary effect of these thyroid hormones is to increase | the bodies metabolic rate. |
| The _______________________________ are primarily embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid and secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to hypocalcaemia. | parathyroid glands |
| The parathyroid glands are primarily embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid and secrete ___________________________________________ in response to hypocalcaemia. | parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| The _______________________________ sits like a cap on the superior pole of each kidney | adrenal gland |
| The outer portion of the adrenal gland is called the ___________________________ | adrenal cortex |
| and the inner portion of the adrenal gland is called the _________________________________. | adrenal medulla |
| The adrenal cortex is composed of three different layers (zones) of hormone secreting cells.1.An outer _______________ | zona glomerulosa |
| The adrenal cortex is composed of three different layers (zones) of hormone secreting cells.2.A thick middle __________________ | zona fasclculata |
| The adrenal cortex is composed of three different layers (zones) of hormone secreting cells.3.An inner ________________ | zona reticularis |
| The cortex synthesizes more than 25 steroid hormones known collectively as the ___________________ | corticosteriods |
| zona glomerulosa | mineralocorticoids |
| •_________________________________ is the only physiologically important meralocarticoid. Its primary function is to maintain sodium homeostasis in blood. | aldosterone |
| zona fasciculata | glucorticoids |
| zona reticularis | sex hormones |
| The adrenal medulla is composed of ______________________________________, that is, tissue composed of neurons adapted to secrete their products into the blood | neurosecretory tissue |
| When the sympathetic nerve fibers are active, the medullary cells secrete their hormones directly into the blood which are | epinephine / norepinephine |
| Accelerate the breakdown of proteins into amino acids which can be changed into glucose in the liver | glucorticoids |
| Accelerate mobilization of lipids from adipose cells to every cell in the body | glucorticoids |
| Assists in maintaining vascular tone | glucorticoids |
| anti-inflammatory effect becomes immune suppression with long-term use | glucorticoids |
| The ________________is located inferior and dorsal to the stomach and is composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissues | pancreas |
| The endocrine portion is made up of small clusters of cells called_____________________which can made of 1 of 4 primary cell types, each secreting a different hormone | pancreatic islet |
| 1._______________________ which secrete the hormone glucagon1.Glucagon is secreted when blood sugar is low. It converts glycogen to glucose | alpha cell |
| 2._______________________ which secretes the hormone insulin1.Insulin promotes the movement of glucose into tissue cells | beta cell |
| 3._______________________ which secrete the hormone somatostatin1.Somatostatinregulates the other endocrine cells of the pancreatic islet | delta cell |
| 4._________________________________________________ which secrete pancreatic polypeptides1.We don’t know what pancreatic polypeptides do | panereatic polypeptides cells |
Created by:
aswarts1