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Worksheet 4
Macromolecules, Chemistry of carbon, Types of Isomers, Functional groups,
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How can we define an organic molecule? [based on your textbook[ | typically consist of groups of carbon atoms covalently bonded to hydrogen, usually oxygen, and often other elements. |
| What is an isomer? | isomers are molecules with the same formula/conformations but different functions. |
| 4 types of the most important to human structure and functions are: | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. |
| what are the three types of isomers? | Acetic acid, Methyl formate, glycoaldehyde. |
| What is the biological importance of molecular conformation? | It determines the molecular's cellular function. |
| what are the 2 main groups of isomers? | Structural isomers and Stereoisomers. |
| what is structural isomers? | molecules that have completely different bond configurations but same formula. |
| What is Stereoisomers? | molecules that have the same bond sequence but different orientation in space. |
| What are the 6 functional groups? | hydroxyl, methyl, amino, carboxyl, phosphate, sulfhydryl. |
| Define methyl groups: [include chemical properties, formula and wether if its hydrophilic or hydrophobic for the next groups] | -composed of a single carbon, covalently bonded to 3 hydrogen atom. -hydrophobic -CH3 or H3C- |
| hydroxy group: | -a double bonded oxygen covalently bonded to hydrogen. -hydrophilic -OH or HO- |
| Carboxyl group: | -Carbon double bonded to an oxygen and also OH. -Hydrophilic and acidic. -COOH or HOOC- |
| Amino group: | -Nitrogen bonded to 2 hydrogen. -hydrophilic and Alkaline/base. -NH2 or H2N- |
| Phosphate group: | -Consist of a phosphorus atom, surrounded by 4 covalently bonded oxygen [2 negatively charge] -hydrophilic and associated with energy transfer. -OPO3^2- [expo.] |
| Sulfhydryl group: | -allows for formation of disulfide bridges. Maintains stability within molecule. -hydrophilic HS- or -SH |
| carbohydrates | molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, ad oxygen. |
| Are carbohydrates polymers ? | yes, because carbohydrates are made of monosaccharides. |
| Monosaccharides | a simple sugar consisting of a carbon chain containing multiple hydroxyl groups, and is important in cells as a primary source of energy, readily broken down through glycolysis to produce ATP |
| Disaccharides | composed of two joint monosaccharide by a glycosidic linkage forming double sugar. readily available energy source by breaking down through by enzymatic digestion. |
| Polysaccharides | functions as energy storage molecule [starch, glycogen] or structural components depending on their specific arrangement of monosaccharides units and glycosidic linkage. |
| are carbohydrates mainly hydrophilic or hydrophobic? | they are hydrophilic. |
| List some functions associated with proteins | providing structural support, acting as enzymes to catalyze chemical reactions, transporting molecules across cell membranes, regulating bodily processes, receiving and sending chemical signals, and contributing to immune response |
| How many amino acids are used in protein synthesis? | 20 amino acids. |
| Generic AA structure | ............2 H2N-C-COOH ............H |
| Primary structure of a protein | unique sequence of amino acids in its polypeptides. |
| how is secondary structure of protein described? | a-helix, pleated sheet formation of hydrogen bonding within elements of the polypeptide backbone. |
| how is the tertiary structure of protein described? | the folding of the 2nd structure into unique shapes that are typically globular or fiborous |
| Quarterly structure of the protein | assembly of multiple polypeptides into a single functional protein. |
| explain what happens to a proteins shape when it denatures? | proteins loses their functional shape and no longer able to carry out their jobs. |
| why temperature changes and ph changes can easily cause protein shape to change and why changes can cause proteins to denature. | when proteins are disrupted by external stressors it causes the protein to unfold and lose its native shape, resulting in a loss of biological function; essentially leading to a loss of its normal activity |
| enzyme | functions as a catalyst in proteins. it speeds up chemical reaction without being consumed or changed during the reaction. |
| what is an enzyme's active site? | it is where molecule binds and undergoes chemical reaction. |
| what is a substrate? | reactant in a enzymatic reaction that makes enzymes undergo a conformation change. |
| Identify and define feature of lipids. | made up of mostly hydrocarbons. they are hydrophobic in water. lipids do not form true solution, but they may form an "emulsion" |
| fatty acids | energy storage. a cellular fuel source. a building material for constructing other organic macromolecules. |
| saturated fatty acids | have no carbon =carbon double bonds in their tails which are uniformly straight. |
| trans-fatty acids. | created from unsaturated fatty acids when chemically treated to produce partially hydrogenate fats. |
| unsaturated fats | one or more carbon=carbon double bonds in their tail. |
| chemical structure and cellular structure of trglycerides. | they are used for energy storage and fuel source. formed from the combination of glycerol and three fatty acid molecules. Triglycerides are formed through dehydration reactions. |
| amphipathic lipids | have a large, discrete region [head] that is hydrophilic, opposite of a large discrete region [tail] that is hydrophobic. many of the molecules are composed of glycerol. |
| phospholipids. | used to construct cellular membranes-the outer plasma- membrane as well as the membrane around many organelles. |
| steriods | steroids are a group of lipids unified by their characteristic four hydrocarbon ring structure, consisting of 3 hexagonal rings joined to a pentagonal ring. can be used to stabilize cell membranes. |
| eicosanoids | lipids derived from arachidonic acid, and used as signal molecules. waxes are extremely hydrophobic lipids used to create water proof barriers. |
| nucleic acids | polymers of nucleotides. |
| identify the functional group present in all nucleotides | one or more phosphate groups. |
| define pentose sugar | A "pentose sugar" is a simple sugar molecule containing five carbon atoms, and the two sugars used to build nucleotides are ribose (found in RNA) and deoxyribose (found in DNA) |
| identify 5 nitrogenous base of nucleotides | Adenine[A] Cytosine [C] Guanine [G] Thymine [T] and Uracil [U] |
| Ribonucleic acid [RNA] | ribose containing that helps manifest genetic code as proteins. |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA] | Nucleotide that stores genetic information. |
| ATP | serves as cellular energy currency. |
| Chemical composition of ATP | basically the "gas" to fuel our body's activities. |
| ATP synthesis to ATP hydrolosis | ATP + H2O--->ADP + P1[down] + energy |
Created by:
Alexa Bales
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