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Psych Exam 3-4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ch. 4 - physical processing of environment stimuli by sense organs | sensation |
| ch. 4 - psychological process of interpreting sensory information | perception |
| ch. 4 - Because it changes throughout the day and based on what other stimuli you have recently experienced, researchers define the ______ as the smallest amount of stimulation needed for detection by a sense 50% of the time | absolute threshold |
| ch. 4 - method for studying the ability to correctly identify sensory stimuli | signal detection |
| ch. 4 - an effort to determine the point/threshold at which a person begins to hear a stimulus | the method of limits |
| ch. 4 - the smallest difference needed in order to differentiate two stimuli; detectable 50% of the time | differential threshold |
| ch. 4 - a law that states that just noticeable differences is proportional to the magnitude of the initial stimulus; idea that bigger stimuli require larger differences to be noticed | Weber's Law |
| ch. 4 - building up to perceptual experience from individual pieces (first-time experience) | bottom-up processing |
| ch. 4 - experience influencing the perception of stimuli (past stimuli helps us process new stimuli) | top-down processing |
| ch. 4 - decrease in sensitivity of a receptor to a stimulus after constant stimulation | sensory adaptation |
| ch. 4 - report stimulus present - stimulus actually present | hit |
| ch. 4 - report stimulus absent - stimulus actually present | miss |
| ch. 4 - report stimulus present - stimulus actually absent | false alarm |
| ch. 4 - report stimulus absent - stimulus actually absent | correct rejection |
| ch. 4 - a form of psychology where someone perceives overall patterns; "The whole is different from the sum of its parts." | Gestalt Psychology |
| Ch. 4 - general principle of Gestalt Psychology: elements that are close to one another tend to be grouped together | proximity |
| ch. 4 - GPGP: viewers tend to supply missing elements to close or complete a familiar figure | closure |
| ch. 4 - GPGP: elements that are similar tend to be grouped together | similarity |
| ch. 4. - GPGP: viewers tend to organize elements in the simplest way possible | simplicity |
| ch. 4 - GPGP: viewers tend to see elements in ways that produce smooth continuation | continuity |
| ch. 4 - phenomena where the brain perceives the same stimulus in multiple ways | reversible figures |
| ch. 4 - a misinterpretation of a visual stimulus that can be explained by considering the relationship between size perception and depth perception | optical illusion |
| ch. 4 - energies in the environment that affect what we do, our response | stimuli |
| ch. 4 - the stimulus that the visual system is designed to detect | light |
| ______ is just one very small portion of the ________, which is the continuum of all the frequencies of radiated energy | visible light, electromagnetic system |
| tiny, adjustive opening behind cornea through which light enters | pupil |
| the pupil regulates the amount of light entering into the eye by _____ (getting smaller) in bright light and _____ (getting larger) in dimmer light | contracting, dilating |
| flexible structure that accommodates its focus for objects at different distances | lens |
| thin layer of cells/visual receptors in the back of the eye | retina |
| difference is images processed by the left and right eyes | binocular disparity |
| our ability to perceive 3D and depth because of the difference between the images on each of our retinas | binocular vision |
| photoreceptors sensitive to low levels of light, responsible for our ability to see in dim light; located around fovea, 125 million, not color sensitive | rods |
| sensitive to color, provides us with the ability to see color and fine detail when the light is brighter; located primarily in fovea, 6 million | cones |
| central region of focus in the retina with the most visual receptors | fovea |
| loss of ability to perceive stimuli | agnosia |
| visual recognition/what pathway | ventral |
| location and movement/where pathway | dorsal |
| adjustment of eye to low levels of light | dark adaptation |
| adjustment of eye to high levels of light | light adaptation |
| rigid transparent covering on the outer surface of the eye where light passes through | cornea |
| colored area around the pupil | iris |
| retinal area where optic nerve exits | blind spot |
| chemicals activated by light | photopigment |
| breakdown of photopigments (making less sensitive) | light |
| levels of photopigments build back up (making more sensitive) | dark |
| color vision as influenced by three different cones responding preferentially to red, green, and blue | Young-Helmholtz or trichromatic theory |
| color vision as influenced by cells responsive to pairs of colors | opponent-process theory |
| experiences of one color after the removal of another | negative afterimages |
| perceive color and brightness by contrasting each image with its environment because the cerebral cortex compares various retinal patterns | Retinex theory |
| air vibrations/changes in air pressure; physical stimulus for audition | sound waves |
| ability to process auditory stimuli | audition |
| intensity of a sound wave that codes for the loudness of a stimulus | amplitude |
| number of vibrations or cycles of the sound wave per second; how pitch is coded | frequency |
| outermost portion of ear that funnels sound waves | pinna |
| tube running from the outer to middle ear | auditory canal |
| thin, stretched membrane in the middle ear that vibrates in response to sound | eardrum/tympanic membrane |
| a collection of three small bones (malleus, incus, stapes) in the middle ear that vibrates against the eardrum | ossicles |
| spiral bone structure in the inner ear with auditory hair cells (receptors) | cochlea |
| ability to sense touch, pain, and temperature | somatosensation |
| those associated with texture and transduced by mechanoreceptors | tactile stimuli |
| organization of the PSC that represents the arrangement of the body (size = sensitivity) | somatotopic map |
| our ability to sense pain | nocieption |
| perception that missing limb still exists | phantom limb |
| our ability to process the environmental stimuli of smell and taste | chemical senses |
| ability to process olfactory stimuli (smell) | olfaction |
| ability to process gustatory stimuli (taste) | gustation |
| chemicals transduced by olfactory receptors in olfactory epithelium | odorants |
| odorants with diff sizes and shapes correspond to different smells | shape theory of olfaction |
| loss of ability to smell | anosmia |
| receptors transducing gustatory info | taste receptor cells |
| small divots around tongue's bumps | taste buds |
| chemicals transduced by TRC's; in food | tastants |
| list five known basic tastes | sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami (savory) |
| combines smell and taste | flavor |
| the effects that concurrent stimulation in more than one sensory modality has on the perception of events and objects in the world; info from one sense can influence how we perceive info from another | multimodal perception |
| responses to multimodal stimuli are typically greater than the sum of independent responses to each unimodal component if presented individually | superadditive effect of multisensory integration |
| for a multimodal stimulus, weak response to each unimodal component = large multisensory enhancement; one strong component = small multisensory enhancement | principle of inverse effectiveness |
| the body's network for electrochemical communication | nervous system |
| portion of nervous system that includes brain and spinal cord, processes sensory info, and sends it the peripheral nervous system for action | central nervous system |
| individual brain cells that receive electrical signals | neurons |
| junction between presynaptic terminal button of one neuron and the dendrite, axon, or soma of another postsynaptic neuron | synapses |
| part of a neuron that extends away from the cell body and is the main input to the neuron (listens) | dendrite |
| cell body of a neuron that contains the nucleus and genetic info and directs protein synthesis | soma |
| a transient all-or-nothing electrical current that is conducted down the axon when the membrane potential reaches the threshold of excitation | action potential |
| part of the neuron that extends off the soma like a tail, splitting several times to connect with other neurons and maintain output (speaks) | axon |
| bundles of axons that form long neural wires along which electrical signals can travel | nerves |
| fatty tissue that insulates axons of the neurons during conduction of electrical impulses | myelin sheath |
| the small space between the presynaptic terminal button and the postsynaptic dendrite spin, axon, or soma | synaptic gap/cleft |
| list 3 main roles of neurotransmitters | release from presynaptic neuron, bind with postsynaptic neuron, and reuptake; degradation; and diffusion |
| protein synthesis steps 1-3 1. _____ at rest 2. The _____ travels down _____ of presynaptic neuron 3. The ____ inside presynaptic neuron fuse with the membrane and release ________ into the ______ or ______ | neuron action potential, axon vesicles, neurotransmitters, synapse/synaptic cleft |
| protein synthesis steps 4-5 4. The neurotransmitters travel across the ___ and bind to its _____ on the postsynaptic neuron. 5. This action is causing the action potential to continue down the length of the _____ neuron. | synapse, receptor postsynaptic |
| protein synthesis step 6 Some neurotransmitters go through ______ (going back into presynaptic neuron) while others are broken down (_____) or washed away (_____) | reuptake, degredation, diffusion |
| brain's trunk with medulla, pons, midbrain, and diencephalon, controls basic life support functions | brain stem |
| collection of highly specialized neural structures on top of the brain stem that regulates emotions (aversion and gratification) | limbic system |
| small brain; distinctive structure at back of brain that coordinates movement, posture, and other thinking processes | cerebellum |
| associated with white matter but some text includes subcortical structures | cerebrum |
| ____ hemispheres are in charge of more awareness and voluntary control such as speaking and planning and contain our primary sensory areas; also connected the axon-bundle corpus callosum | cerebral |
| 2 brain hemispheres process sensory info and motor commands for the opposite sides of the body | contralateral |
| _____ lobe: back part of cerebrum involved in vision | occipital |
| ____ lobe: in front of occipital lobe; auditory processing (memory, vision, audition, and smell) | temporal |
| ___ lobe: between frontal and occipital lobes; bodily sensations, visual attention, and integrating taste and touch | parietal |
| ____ lobe: most front part of cerebrum; motor output, planning, language, judgment, and decision-making | frontal |
| strip alongside brain in charge of voluntary movements | primary motor cortex |
| all of the nerve cells that connect the CNS to all other body parts | Peripheral Nervous System |
| PNS part with cranial nerves and spiral nerves; process sensory info for voluntary muscle movements | Somatic nervous system |
| PNS part with sympathetic NS and parasympathetic NS that controls other muscles and visceral organs | Automatic nervous system |
| area in frontal lobe of left hemisphere that's implicated in language production | Broca's area |
| measures brain activity by detecting presence of a radioactive substance in the brain initially injected into the bloodstream and then pulled in by active brain tissue. | Positron Emission Tomography |
| infers brain activity by measuring changes in oxygen levels in the blood | Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
| measures electrical brain activity via multiple electrodes on scalp | electroencephalography |
| how small a unit of time can be measured in the brain | temporal resolution |
| how small the elements of an image are | spatial resolution |
| measures changes in light as it is passed through the skull and brain's surface | Diffuse Optical Imaging |
Created by:
alumesi