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CJA Ch. 5-6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| sworn personnel | Police department employees entrusted with arrest powers Referred to as peace officers |
| August Vollmer | was the first police chief of Berkeley, California, and a leading figure in the development of the field of criminal justice in the United States in the early 20th century. He has been described as "the father of modern policing". |
| nonsworn personnel | Civilians |
| Sheriffs offices | Police counties in rural areas and towns that have no law enforcement services Respond to violations of criminal statutes and to violations of city or county ordinances |
| Police departments | Operate in urban areas and perform most law enforcement duties Respond to violations of state penal codes and local ordinances and provide only temporary housing of arrested persons |
| Department of Justice (DOJ) | Chief federal law enforcement department, provides federal leadership in preventing and controlling crime, has the responsibility for enforcing the law and defending the interests of the United States |
| Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) | Protect and defend the United States against terrorism and foreign intelligence threats Uphold and enforce the nation’s criminal laws |
| Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) | Mission is to enforce the nation’s laws and regulations governing controlled substances |
| Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) | Enforcing federal laws Regulating the firearms and explosives industries |
| U.S. Marshals Service | Apprehend federal fugitives Protect the federal judiciary Operate the Witness Security Program Transport federal prisoners Seize property acquired by criminals through illegal activities |
| Department of Homeland Security (DHS) | Protect the American people and their homeland Prevent and deter terrorist attacks Protect against and respond to threats against the nation Prepare for and respond to all hazards and disasters |
| Federal Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) | American Indian tribes may provide for policing services |
| Fragmentation | Lack of coordination among law enforcement agencies in the same geographic region |
| Adult learning | Emphasizes engaging the learner by incorporating the learner’s experiences in the curriculum |
| Subculture | Attitudes, values, and beliefs |
| Police occupational subculture | Norms and beliefs embraced by most officers in a given country |
| Police organizational subculture | Norms and beliefs particular to an individual department |
| Blue code of silence | Adherence to a code of conduct that places loyalty to fellow officers above all other values |
| discretion | Authority to act in a manner that officers judge most appropriate for a given situation |
| Racial profiling | Police contact with an individual initiated because of the person’s skin color or ethnicity |
| Noble cause | Justification for wrongdoing committed by an officer |
| Integrity | Moral principles and professional standards |
| Legitimacy | Measure of the extent to which the public trust the police |
| Procedural justice | Providing an opportunity for: Citizen to explain his side of a story in a given situation Officer to make decisions in a fair manner |
| Privatization | Transfer of government programs and functions to the private sector |
| watch system | peacekeeping system in which particular men were assigned the job of watchman and became responsible for patrolling the states, lighting lanterns, and keeping order |
| preventive patrol | officers' maintenance of a visible presence in communities to deter street crime |
| vigilantism | use of volunteer, self-appointed committees organized suppress crime and punish criminals |
| slave patrols | local governments passed variety of laws giving the power to control Black Americans |
| Black codes | ensured that former slaves remained under control of white majority after the Civil War |
| frankpledge system | peacekeeping system in early England in which a group of 10 local families agreed to maintain the peace |
| SARA process | Model of problem-oriented policing; scanning, analysis, response, assessment |
| community-oriented policing | Getting community members to address the problems that plague their neighborhoods |
| Police–community reciprocity | Relies on collaboration between police and community members to solve and prevent crime |
| Decentralization of command | Creation of substations in various areas so that: Police maintain a physical presence throughout the community |
| Proactive foot patrol | Officers walk beats to: Learn more about the people in the neighborhoods they patrol and to develop relationships with them |
| Civilianization | Increases the number of community residents active in policing by: assigning civilians to tasks previously performed by sworn officers |
| Broken windows theory | Disorder leads to crime |
| Line activities | Principal activities performed by law enforcement officers, including patrol, follow-up investigation, and traffic operations |
| Support activities | Additional policing activities that support line activities, such as communications, custody, and forensics |
| Rookie Officer | Intensive learning process Must act carefully, know when to call for backup, and not make any serious rookie mistakes |
| Patrol Officers | Uniformed personnel assigned to patrol specific regions perform bulk of police work Majority of contacts with public are calls for service |
| Follow-up Investigation | Occurs after a patrol officer documents the facts of a crime |
| Solvability | Likelihood that the crime will be solved |
| Communications interoperability | Ability of police and other public safety agencies from different jurisdictions to talk and share data |
| Forensic science laboratories | Facilities using scientific or technical methods to process and analyze evidence |
| Criminalistics | Use of scientific techniques in recognizing, identifying, individualizing, and evaluating physical evidence |
| Chain of command | Line of authority that extends throughout an organization |
| Unity of command | Requirement that each individual within an organization: Reports directly to a single individual higher in the chain of command |
| Span of control | Extent of an individual’s authority, or the number of individuals that one person is responsible for overseeing |
| Crime mapping | Technique used by police to pinpoint the locations and times of crimes |
| Geographic information systems (GIS) | Uses a computerized mapping system to produce descriptions of crime occurrence |
| Hot spot | Area of concentrated crime or higher risk of victimization |
| CompStat | Computerized statistical program |
| Crime analysis | Application of processes designed to: Analyze information pertinent to crimes Develop correlations useful in crime prevention, resource deployment, investigations, and suspect apprehension |
| Elder abuse | Any knowing, intentional, or negligent act by a caregiver or another person that: Causes harm or serious risk of harm to a vulnerable adult 60 years of age or older |
| Adult Protective Services (APS) | State services provided to older people and dependent adults who: Are being mistreated or neglected, are unable to protect themselves, and have no one to assist them |
| Crisis intervention teams (CITs) | Officers are provided specialized training with the goal of helping those who are mentally ill to: Receive appropriate mental health services rather than entering the criminal justice system |
| Sexual victimization | Trade sex for items required to survive, and forceful sex |
Created by:
katpshaw