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Bio Exam 1 (Ch. 1-4)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| describes structures of the body, what they're made of, location, and associated structures | anatomy |
| the study of functions of anatomical structures | physiology |
| list the levels of organization in the biological hierarchy from simplest to most complex | atom, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, and organism |
| Name three components of the cell theory. | smallest living unit in body, every organism is composed of one or more cells, all living cells today come from a preexisting cell |
| What are the 4 tissue types? | Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous |
| covers every exposed body surface, lines internal passageways and chambers (i.e. urinary tract and heart), and produces glandular secretions | epithelial tissue |
| fills internal spaces, provides structural support, and stores energy | connective tissue |
| skeletal movement, soft tissue support, maintain blood flood, move materials internally, and stabilize body temperature | muscular tissue |
| conduct electrical impulses and carry information | nervous tissue |
| functional unit composed of more than one tissue type | organ |
| consists of organs that interact to perform a specific range of functions, often in coordinated fashion | organ system |
| protects body from environmental hazards and helps control body temperature | integumentary system |
| provides support, protects tissues, stores minerals, and forms blood cells | skeletal system |
| produces movement, provides support, and generates heat | muscular system |
| provides rapid control and regulation and coordinates activities of other organ systems | nervous system |
| secretes chemical messengers and directs long-term change in other systems | endocrine system |
| transports cells and dissolved materials (nutrients and hormones) | cardiovascular system |
| defends body against infection and disease and returns tissue fluid to bloodstream | lymphatic system |
| delivers air to gas exchange sites in lungs and produces sound | respiratory system |
| processes food and absorbs nutrients | digestive system |
| eliminates excess water, salts, and wastes | urinary system |
| produces sex cells and hormones and supports embryonic development from fertilization to birth | reproductive system |
| presence of stable internal environment | homeostasis |
| physiological adjustment to preserve homeostasis in variable environments | homeostatic regulation |
| sensitive to environmental change; send signals to control center | receptor |
| processes information from the receptor and sends out commands | control center |
| responds to commands opposing stimulus | effector |
| effector activated by control center that negates or opposes stimulus (sweat) | negative feedback |
| effector activated by control center that enhances the stimulus (blood clotting) | positive feedback |
| If you use the abdominal pelvic quadrants, where would your appendix be located? | right lower quadrant |
| Where would your bladder be located? | right and left lower quadrants |
| above | superior |
| below | inferior |
| toward point of attachment of a limb to the trunk | proximal |
| away from point of attachment of a limb to the trunk | distal |
| away from midline | lateral |
| toward midline | medial |
| toward head | cranial/cephalic |
| toward tail (coccyx) | caudal |
| back surface | posterior/dorsal |
| front surface | anterior/ventral |
| divides anterior from posterior | frontal or coronal plane |
| divides right from left | sagittal plane |
| divides superior from inferior | transverse or horizontal plane |
| ____ cavity contains lungs and heart. | Thoracic |
| _____ cavity contains digestive glands, organs, urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and last portion of digestive tract. | Abdominopelvic |
| The _____ separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity. | diaphragm |
| Bacteria and archaea are _____ (single-celled). | prokaryotes |
| Yeasts, protozoa, plants, fungi, and animals are ____ (multicellular). | eukaryotes |
| process of gradual specialization of daughter cells | cell differentiation |
| contents of the cell | cytoplasm |
| a small, spherical, membrane-enclosed sac that moves lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates between cellular components by fusing with the membrane of the target destination | transport vesicle |
| The plasma membrane is made up of a _____________ with ______ (water-loving) heads and ____ (water-fearing) tails. | phospholipid bilayer, hydrophilic, hydrophobic |
| Plasma membrane proteins bound to surface | peripheral |
| Plasma membrane proteins integrated into membrane | integral/transmembrane |
| consists of nuclear envelope, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and plasma membranes; all components connected by vesicle trafficking | endomembrane system |
| hairlike projections that cover the cell's surface and move the cell | cilia |
| protein molecules speeding up chemical reactions | enzyme (catalysts) |
| energy-requiring chemical reactions that build complex molecules from simpler ones | anabolism |
| energy-releasing reactions involved in the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones | catabolism |
| all chemical reactions occurring inside cells | metabolism |
| acts as a fluidity buffer in animal cells | cholesterol |
| Why do we need plasma membrane proteins? | (?) They help cells attach tot he cytoskeleton and extracellular where they need to be fixed. They are not floating around. These proteins also assist in transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, and intercellular joining. |
| passive transport of a substance from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration until it has reached equilibrium | diffusion |
| a type of passive diffusion that moves water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration | osmosis |
| equal concentration of solute inside and outside the cell | isotonic |
| when the extracellular environment has a lower solute concentration than the inside of the cell, causing water to flow into the cell, making it swell | hypotonic |
| when the extracellular solution has a higher solute concentration than the inside of the cell, causing water to flow out of the cell, making it shrink | hypertonic |
| Hydrophilic molecules need assistance to pass through the plasma membrane in a process called _____. | facilitated diffusion |
| In facilitated diffusion, _____ proteins move substances down a concentration gradient based on a molecule's size and charge without any energy input. | channel |
| In facilitated diffusion, ____ proteins transport specific molecules across the plasma membrane based on the shape of the molecule. | carrier |
| proteins that assist in diffusion of molecules and ions from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration | passive carrier |
| proteins that use ATP to pump molecules across the plasma membrane across a concentration gradient | active carrier |
| substances to be exported from a cell are packaged into transport vesicles | exocytosis |
| brings substances into the cell by wrapping them in a section of the plasma membrane | endocytosis |
| Macrophage's pseudopodium surround a particle, vesicle to food vacuole, fuse with lysosome to break down the particle | phagocytosis |
| cytoplasm contains a thick fluid called ____, consisting of ions and biomolecules mixed in water. | cytosol |
| cytoplasmic structure that performs a unique function in the cell | organelle |
| cells surrounded by watery medium called ____ | extracellular fluid |
| fluids inside cell | intracellular |
| separates cell from its external environment and exhibits selective permeability | plasma membrane |
| contains DNA for building, managing, growing, and reproducing all cells | nucleus |
| translate proteins from mRNA | ribosome |
| interconnected network of tubes and flattened sacs that produces certain lipids and proteins | endoplasmic reticulum |
| enzymes of the _____ ER produce lipids for other cellular compartments and help break down toxic organic compounds in the cell | smooth |
| the ____ ER is dotted with ribosomes | rough |
| directs proteins and lipids produced by ER to their final destination; sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles | golgi apparatus |
| use variety of enzymes to break down macromolecules and damaged organelles and release the subunits into the cytoplasm for recycling or waste removal | lysosomes |
| fuel cellular activities by extracting energy from food molecules via chemical reactions (cellular respiration); uses 95% of ATP | mitochondria |
| supports movement of organelles, strengthens cell membranes, and can enable cell movement | cytoskeleton |
| vesicles that also use a degradative enzyme to break down macromolecules and neutralize the toxic compounds generated | peroxisomes |
| molecules that will react with the help of enzymes to form new products | substrates |
| small energy carrier molecule for all cell activities; has 3 high-energy phosphate bonds | adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) |
| ATP molecule with one lost phosphate and a significant amount of energy | adenosine diphosphate (ADP) |
| saturated with hydrogens, solid at room temp, carbons all attached (butter; organisms living in hot environments) | saturated fatty acids |
| double carbon bonds prevent saturation, carbons aren't attached to all hydrogens, and liquid at room temp (oil; organisms in cold environments) | unsaturated fatty acids |
| At ____ temps, cholesterol prevents phospholipid movement. | high |
| At ___ temps, cholesterol prevents tight packing/solidification. | low |
| how do you calculate total magnification | ocular lens (always 10x) x objective lens |
| where is the epithelial tissue found | covers whole body and is in orifices (integumentary system) |
| ______ epithelial tissue have superficial layers packed with keratin, is tough and water resistant, resists stress and dehydration, and found on surface of skin and in hair and nails | keratinized |
| ______ epithelial tissue resists abrasion but can dry out and is found lining oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, vagina, and anus | nonkeratinized |
| tissue that provides physical protection, controls permeability, provides sensations, and produces specialized secretions onto external surfaces or into ducts | epithelial |
| this top surface of epi tissues faces exterior of the body or internal space (lumen), and cilia and microvilli are found there | apical |
| this bottom surface of epi tissue is attached to underlying tissues | basolateral |
| tissue type that establishes structural framework,; transports fluids and dissolved materials; protects delicate organs,' supports, surrounds, and interconnects tissues; stores energy; and defends body from invading microorganisms | connective |
| what are the three types of connective tissue? | proper, fluid, and supporting |
| line or cover body surfaces, typically consist of epithelium supported by connective tissue | membrane |
| what are the three types of muscle tissue | skeletal, cardiac, and smooth |
| tissue type that conducts electrical impulses | nervous |
| what two types of cells make up nervous tissue | neurons and neuroglia |
| how do tissues respond to restore homeostasis after injury | inflammation and regeneration |
| microscopic study of tissues | histology |
| microscopic study of cells | cytology |
| the 2 pleural cavities contain ____ | lungs |
| the mediastinum contains ____ | heart |
| HIV must bind to _____ and ____ to infect a cell. | CD4, CCR5 |
| collection of epithelial cells that produce secretions | glands |
| ____ glands release secretions into interstital fluid (pituitary, pancreas) | endocrine |
| _____ glands release secretions into ducts onto epi surface (sweat glands, saliva) | exocrine |
Created by:
alumesi