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chemistry u2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is chemistry? | The sutdy of matter and its interactions |
| What is an element? | The purest substances in the universe |
| What cannot happen to elements? | Elements cannot chemically or physically decompose |
| How many elements are there? | Over 100 |
| How much of matter in the universe and how many elements? | 95% of all matter is made of 11 elements |
| What are elements made of? | Small, indivisible particles |
| What are atoms? | Small, indivisible particles |
| How is the periodic table organized? | There's a bold line separating metals from non-metals. To the left of the line are metal elements, while to the right are non-metal elements. The only exception is hydrogen. It is found on the left of the line, but it is not a metal element. |
| What are homogeneous substances? | Elements and compounds |
| What are heterogeneous substances? | Solutions and non-miscible mixtures. |
| How many elements should be remembered? | 54 |
| Hydrogen | H |
| Helium | He |
| Lithium | Li |
| Boron | B |
| Carbon | C |
| Nitrogen | N |
| Oxygen | O |
| Fluorine | F |
| Neon | Ne |
| Sodium | Na |
| Magnesium | Mg |
| Aluminum | Al |
| Silicon | Si |
| Phosphorus | P |
| Sulfur | S |
| Chlorine | Cl |
| Argon | Ar |
| Potassium | K |
| Calcium | Ca |
| Titanium | Ti |
| Chromium | Cr |
| Manganese | Mn |
| Iron | Fe |
| Cobalt | Co |
| Nickel | Ni |
| Copper | Cu |
| Zinc | Zn |
| Arsenic | As |
| Selenium | Se |
| Bromine | Br |
| Krypton | Kr |
| Rubidium | Rb |
| Strontium | Sr |
| Molybdenum | Mo |
| Palladium | Pd |
| Silver | Ag |
| Tin | Sn |
| Iodine | I |
| Xenon | Xe |
| Cesium | Cs |
| Barium | Ba |
| Tungsten | W |
| Platinum | Pt |
| Gold | Au |
| Mercury | Hg |
| Lead | Pb |
| Bismuth | Bi |
| Radon | Rn |
| Francium | Fr |
| Radium | Ra |
| Thorium | Th |
| Uranium | U |
| Plutonium | Pu |
| What are metal elements? | Elements who atoms thend to lose electrons in chemical reactions |
| What are characteristics of metal elements? | 1. Good conductors of heat 2. Good conductors of electricty 3. Most are malleable 4. Most are ductile |
| What are non-metal elements? | Elements whose atoms tend to gain electrons in chemical reactions |
| What are characteristics of non-metal elements? | 1. Non-luminous 2. Poor conductors of heat or electricity 3. Non-malleable 4. Nonductile |
| What does non-luminous mean? | Doesn't reflect light |
| How many elements are diatomic? | 7 |
| What are the elements that are diatomic? | 1. I 2. Br 3. Cl 4. F 5. N 6. O 7. H |
| What is a compound? | A chemical combination of 2 or more elements |
| How many primary types of chemical compounds are there? | 2 |
| What is a primary type of chemical compound? | Ionic compound |
| What is an ionic compound? | Compounds formed when 1 or more metal atoms lose electrons and are gained by nonmetal atoms |
| What is an ion? | An electrically charged ion |
| What is a cation? | A positively charged ion |
| What is an anion? | A negatively charged ion |
| What makes a compound? | The formation of a cation and an anion |
| What are formula units? | The smallest representative particles of an ionic compound |
| How many types of ionic compounds are there? | 2 |
| What is one type of an ionic compound? | Metal element combined w/nonmetal element |
| What is another type of an ionic compound? | A compound that contains a polyatomic ion |
| What is another primary type of chemical compound? | Covalent compound |
| How are covalent compounds formed? | Through sharing electrons |
| What do covalent compounds contain? | 2 or more nonmetal elements |
| What is an example of a covalent compound? | H2O |
| What is a molecule? | The smallest representative particle of a covalent compound |
| What can happen to compounds? | Chemical decomposition |
| What cannot happen to compounds? | Physical decomposition |
| What are solutions? | A single phased homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances |
| What are the primary parts to a solution? | Solute and solvent |
| What is a solute? | The substance present in lesser amount by mass or volume |
| What is a solvent? | The substance present in greater amount by mass or volume |
| What does the solvent do? | It determines the physical state of the solution |
| How can solutions be classified? | Solutions can be classified into 3 types based on the saturation |
| What does unsaturated mean? | It means that the solution has less than the maximum amount of solute possible |
| What does saturated mean? | It means that the solution has more than the maximum amount of possible |
| What does supersaturated mean? | It means when, under special conditions of temperature and pressure, certain solute/solvent combinations can be formed in a supersaturated state |
| What is true about supersaturated solutions? | Most won't form |
| Who was the first person to suggest that stoms existed? | Democritus (Greek) |
| What did Democritus do? | He speculated that all of matter was comprised of small particles |
| What did Democritus call the small particles that matter was made of? | Atomos |
| Who developed "The Law of Conservation of Matter?" | Antoine Lavoisier |
| What does "The Law of Conservation of Matter" state? | Matter is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reaction |
| What did Joseph Proust do? | He discovered that compounds are made up of elements that exist in fixed proportions by mass in 1793 |
| Who was Joseph Proust | He was an English mathematition |
| What does "The Law of Definite Proportions by Mass" state? | Compounds are made up of elements that exist in fixed proportions by mass |
| What did John Dalton do? | In 1820, he created "The Atomic Theory" |
| What are the postulates to "The Atomic Theory"? | 1. All elements are comprised of small, indivisible particles called "atoms". 2. Atoms of the same element are identical in every way. 3. When chemical rxns occur, atoms of elements rearrange to form "new" substances |
| What does "rxns" mean? | Reactions |
| Who was JJ Thompson? | He was an English physicist in 1805 |
| What did JJ Thompson do? | He used a CRT made by Thomas Crooke and discovered electrons and their electric charge-to-mass ratio. |
| What are electrons? | Negatively charged particles |
| How do you write electrons | e^- |
| What is the electric charge-to-mass ratio on an electron? | 1.76 * 10^11 C/kg |
| What does C represent? | Coulombs |
| Who used an "Oil Drop Apparatus"? | R.A. Millikan |
| What did Millikan observe? | That magnitude of charge on the oil droplets was a multiple of 1.60 * 10^-19 C |
| What is the charge of an electron? | -1.60* 10^-19 |
| What is the mass of an electron? | 9.11 * 10^-31 kg |
| Who discovered the model of the atom? | Ernest Rutherford (New Zealand) |
| What are the postulates of the Model of the Atom? | 1. Atoms are mostly empty space 2. The positively charged particles in the atom are in a central region of the atoms (nucleus) 3. Electrons revolve around the nucleus of atoms at very great distances |
| How do you write protons? | p^+ |
| What is the charge of protons? | 1.60 * 10^-19 C |
| What is the mass of a proton? | 1.67 * 10^-24 g |
| Who discovered neutrons? | J. Chadwick (1932) |
| How were neutrons discovered? | Mass spectrometer |
| How do you write neutrons? | n^0 |
| What is the charge for a neutron? | None |
| What is the mass of a neutron? | 1.67 * 10^-24 |
| What are subatomic particles? | Particles that comprise atoms (p^+ and n^0) |
| What are nuclides? | A connotation containing the symbol of an element, Z number, and an A number |
| What is the symbol for the mass number? | A |
| What is another name for mass number? | Atomic mass |
| Where does the mass number go? | Top left of the element |
| What is the symbol for the atomic number? | Z |
| What is the atomic number? | The number of protons and electrons in an element |
| What does the mass number represent? | The sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom |
| What is true about the atomic number? | It is unique to each element |
| What is an isotope? | Atoms of the same element with different mass numbers because they have a different number of neutrons |
| What is the oxidation state in a nuclide? | The charge of the atom. |
| What does it mean if the oxidation state is positive? | It means that the element has lost a certain number of electrons |
| What does it mean if the oxidation state is negative | It means that the element has gained a certain number of electrons |
| What is does Atomic Mass Unit mean? | A unit of mass developed by chemists to conveniently express the masses of atoms |
| Where is the amu represented in a nuclide? | In the mass number |
| What does 1 amu equal? | 1.67 * 10^-24 g |
| What is the Average Atomic Mass | The weighted average of all the isotopes in a particular element |
| Where do you find the Average Atomic Mass? | Underneath the symbol on the periodic table |
| How do you calculate AAM? | 1. Change percent into a decimal 2. Multiply decimal to # of amu's 3. Do that per decimal, then add products |
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