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Chapter 4
Reinforcement
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Reinforcement: | Is a basic principle of behavior |
| Was established by ________ in laboratory research and over 40 years of human research | Skinner |
| Defining Reinforcement | 1) The occurrence of a behavior 2) Results immediately in a consequence 3) The behavior is strengthened (more likely to occur again in the future in similar circumstances) |
| Present: | Behavior is followed by a consequence |
| future: | Behavior is more likely to occur |
| Effects of Reinforcement on Behavior | Increase in frequency Increase in duration Increase in intensity Increase in quickness (decrease in latency) |
| Guy taunts girl, get slapped, guy keeps taunting girl in future | Reinforcement |
| Kid answers question correctly and gets praise. | No reinforcement, Did not indicate behavior was strengthened |
| Man chooses lottery ticket from a specific gas station, wins lottery, continues to buy lottery tickets from same gas station | Reinforcement |
| Boy sticks fork in toaster and gets shock, and is more likely to stick fork in toaster | Reinforcement |
| Teenager plays music loud, mom comes into his room and sits by him and asks him how his day was, kid less likely to play music loud | NO, reinforcement the behavior is less likely to occur |
| What is Operant Behavior? | Behavior that is strengthened through the process of reinforcement - behavior that is controlled by its consequences |
| What is a Reinforcer? | The consequence (stimulus or event) that follows operant behavior and strengthens operant behavior |
| Some notes on terminology | You reinforce behavior, not people Reinforcement is a process Reinforcer is a thing Reward vs reinforcers |
| Two types of reinforcement | Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement |
| Both positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement strengthen behavior - | they make the behavior more likely to occur in the future |
| What is Positive Reinforcement? | Behavior is followed by the presentation of a stimulus (a reinforcer) and the behavior is strengthened |
| What is Negative Reinforcement? | Behavior is followed by the removal of a stimulus (a punisher / aversive stimulus) and the behavior is strengthened |
| Escape and avoidance behaviors: | are involved in negative reinforcement |
| Escape | the behavior results in the termination of (escape from) the aversive stimulus and the behavior is strengthened. |
| Avoidance | the behavior results in the prevention of (avoidance of) the aversive stimulus and the behavior is strengthened |
| Everyday Examples of positive Reinforcement | Push the power button on the TV remote to turn on the TV Turn up the volume on your i-pod Composing an e-mail Click on the “Explorer” icon and get to the internet |
| Everyday Examples of Negative Reinforcement | Put on a coat on a cold day Use an umbrella Slap a mosquito Close the window when it rains -Wear earplugs on a noisy job |
| Positive and Negative Reinforcement in the Same Situation | Tantrum in a grocery store |
| Child’s tantrum behavior is strengthened by getting candy from a parent | positive reinforcement |
| Parent’s behavior of giving candy to child is strengthened by termination of the tantrum | negative reinforcement |
| Unconditioned Reinforcers | Biologically determined - survival value for the individual |
| Unconditioned Reinforcers examples | Food, water, human contact (warmth) oxygen sexual contact escape from cold,, heat, pain, extreme levels of stimulation |
| Conditioned Reinforcers | A previously neutral stimulus |
| Examples of Conditioned Reinforcers | Sight, sound, and scent of parents Parents’ smile, tone of voice, attention, praise Types of toys, TV shows, music, clothes, activities Grades, positive evaluations Money |
| Conditioned Generalized Reinforcers | Paired with a wide variety of other reinforcers Money, praise, tokens |
| Factors that Influence Reinforcement | Immediacy Consistency (contingency) Motivating operations (EO and AO) Individual differences |
| Establishing operation (EO) is an antecedent event that: | Makes a reinforcer more potent Makes a behavior that produces that reinforcer more likely to occur at that time |
| Abolishing operation (AO) is an antecedent event that | Makes a reinforcer less potent Makes a behavior that produces that reinforcer less likely to occur at that time |
| Schedules of Reinforcement | Specifies which responses will be followed by the reinforcer |
| Continuous reinforcement | Each response is followed by the reinforcer |
| Intermittent reinforcement | Not every response is followed by a reinforcer |
| Fixed Ratio Schedules | Reinforcer after X number of responses - the number does not change Produces high rate / post reinforcement pause |
| Variable Ratio Schedules | Reinforcer after X number of responses on the average Produces high rate / no post-reinforcement pause |
| Variable Ratio Schedules example | work and classroom uses slot machine, phone solicitors |
| Fixed Ratio Schedules example | piece rate pay classroom uses |
| Fixed Interval Schedules | Reinforcer for the first response after X amount of time - time interval does not change Produces low rate of responding that increases at the end of the interval Rarely used in ABA |
| Fixed Interval Schedules example | mail delivery every 2 hours hourly supervisor checks on a worker |
| Variable Interval Schedules | Reinforcer for the first response after X amount of time on the average Produces low but steady rate of behavior Rarely used in ABA |
| Variable Interval Schedules examples | unpredictable supervisor checks, checking for phone or e-mail messages |
| Factors influencing choice of concurrent operants | - schedule of reinforcement - magnitude of reinforcement - immediacy of reinforcement - response effort |
| Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement | Schedules of reinforcement that exist at the same time for two or more different behaviors |
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