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Psy (Terms)
Tuesday Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an attribution? | An assignment of behavior to some external cause or factor. |
| What is cognitive dissonance? | The unpleasant state that can occur when people become aware of inconsistencies between their attitudes or between their attitudes and their behavior. |
| What is the Bystander Effect? | A social factor that affects pro-social behavior: As the number of bystanders at an emergency increases, the probability that the victim will receive help decreases, and the help, if given, is likely to be delayed. |
| What is the Halo Effect? | The tendency to assume that a person has generally positive or negative traits as a result of observing one major positive or negative trait. |
| What is Primacy Effect? | The tendency for an overall impression of another to be influences more by the first information that is received about that person than by information that comes later. |
| What is Group Polarization? | The tendency of people to make decisions that are more extreme when they are in a group, as opposed to a decision made alone or independently. |
| What is Social Facilitation? | Any postiive or negative effect on performance that can be attributed to the presence of others, either as an audience or as co-actors. |
| What is Audience Effects? | The impact of passive spectators on performance. |
| What is co-action effects (one type is social loafing)? | The impact on performance of the presence of other people engaged in the same task. |
| What is self-serving bias? | The tendency to attribute one's successes to dispositional causes and one' failure to situational causes. |
| What is actor-observing bias? | The tendency to attribute one's own behavior primarily to situational factors and the behavior of others primarily to dispositional factors. |
| What is conformity? | Changing or adopting a behavior or an attitude in order to be consistent with the social norms of a group or the expectations of other people. |
| What is obedience? | Submissive compliance, is the act of obeying orders from others. This differs from compliance, which is behavior influenced by peers. |
| What is compliance? | Acting in accordance with the wishes, suggestions, or direct requests of other people. |
| What is Group Influence? | A group is two or more people who, for longer than a few moments, interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as "us." |
| What is Group Think? | The tendency for members of a tightly knit group to be more concerned with preserving group solidarity and uniformity that with objectively evaluation all alternatives in decision making. |
| What is Attitude Change? | Attitude change happens when one freely performs an attitude-discrepant act for an inadequate reward. |
| What study can be applied to torturing and killing people in war? | The Milgram Study |
| Define Prosocial Behavior: | Behavior that benefits others, such as helping, cooperations, and sympathy. |
| Define aggression: | The intentional infliction of physical or psychological harm to others. |
| Define prejudice: | Attributes (usually negative) tho wards others based on their gender, religion, races, or membership to a particular group. |
| Define discrimination: | Behavior (usually negative) directed toward others based on their gender, religion, race or membership in a particular group. |
| What is non-verbal behavior? | Process of communication through sending and receiving wordless messages; touch, body language. |
| What are the four theories of emotions? | The theories are ideas in which our feelings occur. |
| What is the James Lange Theory? | The theory that emotional feelings result when an individual becomes aware of a physiological response (feeling) to an emotion-provoking stimulus. (We feel scared b/c we are trembling.) |
| What is the Canon-Bard Theory? | The theory that an emotion-provoking stimulus is transmitted simultaneously to the cerebral cortex, providing the conscious mental experience of the emotion, and the sympathetic nervous system, causing the physiological arousal. |
| What is the Schachter-Singer Theory? | A two-factor theory stating that for an emotion to occur, there must be a physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation or explanation of the arousal, allowing it to be labeled as a specific emotion. |
| What is the Lazarus Theory? | The theory that a cognitive appraisal is the first step in an emotional response and all other aspects of an emotion, including physiological arousal, depend on it. |
| What is emotion? | An identifiable feeling state involving physiological arousal, a cognitive appraisal of the situation or stimulus causing that internal body state, and an outward behavior expressing the state. |
| Emotion involves ____, _____ and ______ components. | Physical, cognitive, and behavioral. |
| The ______ theory suggest that you would feel fearful because you were trembling. | Schachter-Singer |
| The _____ theory suggest that the feeling of an emotion and the physiological response to an emotional situation occur at about the same time. | Cannon-Bard |
| The ____ theory suggest that the physiological arousal and the emotion flow fro a congnitive appraisal of an emotion-provoking event. | Lazarus |
| When fear strikes, the ___ is activated before the ____. | amygdala, cerebral cortex |
| What are basic emotions? | Fear, anger, disgust, surprise, happiness, and sadness. |
| What are display rules? | Cultural rules that dictate how emotions should generally be expressed and when and where their expression is appropriate. |
| The basic emotions emerge in children as a result of their ____ development. | Biological timetable. |
| Each culture appears to have its own pattern of minute ______ that are used to exhibit a particular facial expression. | Muscle movements. |
| Because of cultural ____, people sometimes express emotions they do not really feel. | Display rules. |
| According to evolutionary phchologists, both men and women use ______ in mating behaviors. | emotional deception |
| Polygraph examinations measure _____. | physiological responses. |
| Brain fingerprinting uses _____ technology. | EEG |
| What is facial feedback response? | The idea that the muscular movements involved in certain facial expressions produce the corresponding emotions (for example, smiling makes one feel happy.) |
| What is social Psychology? | The subfield that attempts to explain how the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others influences the thoughts, feelings and behavior of individuals. |
| What is a naive subject? | A person who has agreed to participate in an experiment but is not aware that deception is being used to conceal its real purpose. |
| Define confederate: | A person who poses as a participant in an experiment but is actually assisting the experimenter. |
| What is a fundamental attribution error? | The tendency to attribute others' behavior to dispositional factors. |
| Define situational attribution: | Attributing a behavior to some external cause or factor operating within the situation, an external attribution. |
| Define dispositional attribution: | Attributing a behavior to some internal cause, such as a personal trait, motive or attitude, an internal attribution. |
| What is proximity? | Physical or geographical closeness; a major influence on attraction. |
| What is mere-exposure effect? | The tendency to feel more positively toward a stimulus as a result of repeated exposure to it. |
| Because of the _____, people play closer attention to early information they receive about a person than to later information. | primary effect |
| People tend to make ____ attributions to explain their own behavior and _____ attributions to explain the behavior of others. This tendency is called the ______. | situational, dispositional, self-serving bias |
| Attributing a person's good grades to her intellectual ability is a _______ attribution. | Dispositional. |
| What is matching hypothesis? | The notion that people tend to have lovers or spouses who are similar to themselves in physical attractiveness and other assets. |
| Define social norms: | The attributes and standards of behavior expected of members of a particular group. |
| What is it?: Manny sees Susan at the library often and begins to like here. | mere-exposure effect |
| What is it?: Letita assumes that because Carter is handsome, he must be popular and sociable. | halo-effect |
| Travis and Faith are going together and are both attractive. | Matching hypothesis |
| People are usually drawn to others who are _____ themselves. | similar to |
| What attributes to men and women across cultures view as most important in a prospective mate? | mutual love/attraction, dependable character, emotional stability and maturity, pleasing disposition. |
| What is "Foot-in-the-door technique"? | A strategy designed to gain a favorable response to a small request at first, with the intent of making th person more likely to agree later to a larger request. |
| What is "Door-in-the-face technique?" | A strategy in which someone makes a large, unreasonable request with the expectation that the person will refuse but will then be more likely to respond favorably to a smaller request later. |
| What is "Low-ball technique"? | A strategy in which someone makes a very attractive initial offset to get a person to commit to an action and then makes the terms less favorable. |
| What is co-action effects? | The impact on performance of the presence of other people engaged in the same task. |
| What is social loafing? | The tendency to put forth less effort when working with others on a common task than when working alone. |
| What is social roles? | Socially defined behaviors considered appropriate for individuals occupying certain positions within a given group. |
| What is it?: Chantal agrees to sign a letter supporting an increase in taxes to find construction of new schools. Later, she agrees to make 100 phones calls urging people to vote for the same measure. | Foot-in-the-door technique. |
| What is it?: Bart refuses a phone request for a $20 donation but agrees it give $5. | Door-in-the-face technique. |
| What is it?: Hue agrees to babysit for her next-door neighbors and is then informed that their three nephews will be there, too. | Low-ball technique. |
| What percentage of participants in the original Asch study never conformed to the majority's' unanimous incorrect response? | 25% |
| What percentage of the participants in the Milgram's original obedience experiment administered what they though was the the maximum 450-volt shocks? | 65% |
| When members of a group are more concerned with preserving group solidarity than with evaluation all possible alternatives in making a decision, _____ occurs. | Group think. |
| What is cognitive dissonance? | The unpleasant state that can occur when people become aware of of inconsistencies between their attitudes or between their attitudes and their behavior. |
| _____ leads to improved performance on easy tasks and poorer performance on more difficult tasks. | Social facilitation |
| Social loafing most likely to occur when ____ cannot be identified. | Individual output. |
| What is persuasion? | A deliberate attempt to influence the attitudes and/or behavior of another person. |
| The three components of an attitude are ______, _____ and _____. | cognitive, emotional, behavior |
| Changing an attitude can reduce cognitive _____. | dissonance |
| Credibility relates most directly to a communicator's _____ and _____/ | expertise, trustworthiness. |
| With a well-informed audience, ____ messages are most persuasive than ____ messages. | two-sided, one-sided |
| Appeals based on _____ are most effective if they provided definite actions that people can take to avoid dreaded outcomes. | fear. |
| Define altruism: | Behavior that is aimed at helping another, requires some self sacrifice, and is not performed for personal gain. |
| What is diffusion of responsibility? | The feeling among bystanders at an emergency that the responsibility for helping is shared by the group, making each person feel less compelled to act than if he or she alone bore the total responsibility. |
| ____ involves making a sacrifice to help another person without expectation of reward. | Altruism |
| As the number of bystanders at an emergency increases, the probability that the victim will receive help ____. | decreases. |
| Cultural standards for helping others is called ____. | social responsibility norms. |
| What is frustration-aggression hypothesis? | The hypotheses that frustration produces aggression. |
| What is scapegoating? | Displacing aggression onto members of minority groups or other innocent targets not responsible for the frustration situation. |
| Define personal space: | An area surrounding each person, much like an invisible bubble, that the person considers part of himself/herself and uses to regulate the level of intimacy with others. |
| Define crowding: | The subjective judgment that there are too many people in a confined space. |
| What is sexual aggression? | And kind of sexual contact in which on or more participants are either unable to give consent or are forced into participation. |
| What is?: Biological influences on aggression include _____, ____, and _____. | heredity, low arousal level, high testosterone level. |
| The ___ theory of aggression claims that aggressive behavior is learned from models. | social learning |
| If a child who is angry at his parents responds by acting aggressively toward a younger sibling, ____ has occurred. | frustration-aggression |
| Males are more likely than females to respond aggressively to ______. | scapegoating. |
| What is the realistic conflict theory? | The view that as competition increase among social groups for scarce resources, so do prejudice, discrimination and hatred. |
| Define in-group: | a social group with a strong sense of togetherness, from which others are excluded. |
| Define out-group: | A social group made up of individuals specifically identified by the in-group as not belonging. |
| What is social cognition? | The mental processes that people use to notice, interpret and remember information about the social world. |
| Define stereotype: | Widely shared beliefs about the characteristic traits, attitudes, and behaviors of members of various social groups, including the assumption that the members of such groups are usually alike. |
| Define ethnocentrism: | The tendency to look at situations from one's own racial or cultural perspective. |
| Members of an in-group usually dislike people in a(n) ____. | out-group |
| The social-cognitive theory suggest that prejudice develops and is maintained through _____ and ______. | modeling and reinforcement. |
| Prejudice and ______ may be means of bolstering one's self-image by disparaging others. | discrimination. |
Created by:
cichco