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ITP chap 2
zITP chap 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| experiment | only way to make cause and effect statements |
| hypotheses | educated guess -- must be mutually exclusive and exhaustive |
| mutually exclusive | two or more situations cannot happen at the same time -one thing prevents the other from becoming true |
| exhaustive | set of outcomes that |
| null hypothesis | there is no relationship at all between two or more variables. -typically aimed to reject the this hypothesis when trying to find a relationship between two variables |
| alternative hypothesis | same as question -- is there change (inc., dec., no change) -no longer as it was |
| one tailed hypothesis | used when we are pretty sure of the direction we are expecting. -specifies the direction an effect will have -increased outside temp. will lead to increased icecream consumption |
| two tailed hypothesis | used when we are not entirely sure what direction an effect might be going -does not specify the direction an effect will have -outside temp. will be relateted to ice cream consumption |
| independent variable | variable being changed/manipulated |
| dependent variable | variable being measured (doesn't change) |
| extraneous | anything systematically varied other than the independent variable |
| confounding | means messed up experiment |
| mean | take 5 numbers, add them, divide by 5. (pulled by extreme scores) |
| median | Galton (eugenics) the 50th percentile, middle number was invented because mean can be changed too easily |
| mode | most commonly occuring number |
| skewed | tail of a curve is longer on one side than the other side left- negative right- positive |
| hypothetical construct | an idea or concept (something not concrete) -strength of a group |
| operational definition | making an idea measurable (hypothetical construct) -ways to measure strength of a group |
| correlation | looking for relationships between variables |
| single blind | subject doesn't know if theyre in control or experimental group -prevents placebo/expectation effect |
| double blind | experimenter or subject doesn't know if subjects are in the experimental or control group -prevents experimenter bias |
| experimenter bias | experimenter brings in subjective influence and affects results, data, or participants in an experiment |
| population (N=#) | a group with at least 1 common characteristic -group of NP students (common characteristic is we are students at NP) |
| sample | part of the population -sample of 7/8 ppl would be N-1 N being population size |
| random assignment | splitting the control and experimental group with no reason, prevents bringing in bias |
| matching | opposite of random assignment -subjects are assigned to a group based on characteristics (that could affect dependent variable) |
| placebo effect | |
| expectation effect | -person predicts/assumes something to occur in experiment- creates bias corrected by using placebo |
| hawthorne effect | we behave differently when we know we are being observed -subjects may change their behavior as a result of the attention they are receiving from researchers rather than because of any manipulation of independent variables |
| validity | the extent to which a research technique actually measures the behavior it claims to measure -looks for correlations -high correlations, high validity |
| reliability | same results are consistently yeilded if reliable. -looks for consistency -people give similar/close results each time being tested |
| IRB | |
| informed consent | participants have the right to know what they are letting themselved in for -are told purpose, procedures, risks, length of time of research |
| confidentiality | information is guarded so it can't be used in a way that would be detrimental to participant |
| voluntary participation | participants should be free to withdraw from study at any time |
| measures of central tendency | mean, median, mode |
| variable | a factor that can be changed and manipulated in ways that are observable and measurable. |
| extraneous variables | unexpected factors that might influence the outcomes of an experiment |
| control group | not subject to manipulation in an experiment -allows for extraneous factors to be controlled for |
| experimental group | receives treatment/manipulation and is used to make comparisons to the group not receiving manipulation |
| statistical significance | when a result at least as "extreme" would be very infrequent if the null hypothesis were true. |
| positive correlation | amount of one variable increases AND the other one does too |
| negative correlation | one variable increases BUT the other one decreases |
| non-existent correlation | no relationship between two variables |
| Ontogeny recaptivates phylogeny | Ernst Haeckel’s (untrue) idea that through development we trace evolutionary steps |
| Macchiavelli | “The ends justify the means” Famous for being ruthless |
| British impericism | School of philosphy that predecessors behavioralism |
| Cardinal trait | A trait that dominates and shapes a persons behaviors |
| Lamark | An organism can pass on its physical characteristic to its offspring |
| reliability= | =consistency |
| validity= | =correlation |
Created by:
liz gelles