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APPsych Unit 0 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| critical thinking | thinking past automatic arguments |
| hindsight bias | AFTER learning an outcome you strongly believe you could've foreseen it. |
| confirmation bias | the tendency people have to support or look for information that aligns with their opinions, while ignoring information that doesn't;. |
| overconfidence | humans think we know more than we do |
| peer reviewers | science experts who review articles and their accuracy, theory, originality |
| theory | explanation using principles that organize observation and can predict behaviors/events |
| hypothesis | testable prediction produced by good theory |
| falsifiable | if hypothesis can be proven false by observation/experiment |
| operational definition | statement of exact procedures used in research study ex. sleep deprived- definition is two hours less sleep than usual. |
| replication | proving theories by using repetition of study with different participants in different situations |
| case study | examines 1 individual or group in depth with hopes of revealing true things about us all |
| meta-analysis | analyzation of multiple studies' results |
| naturalistic observation | non-experimental way of observing behavior in natural situations without manipulation of situation |
| survey | gets attitudes of a group by questioning a random sample of the group. |
| social desirability bias | people responding with what they think the researcher wants from them based on the wording of the question. |
| self-report bias | inaccurate reporting of your behavior in random sampling. |
| experimenter bias | results tweaked to what the researcher would want it to be. |
| sampling bias | flawed sampling process which produces unrepresentative results. |
| random sample | how researchers obtain a representative sample |
| convenience sampling | using participants that might be unfit for surveys as targets just because they're easy to contact. not randomly selected. |
| generalizability | a measure of how useful a study's results are. |
| experimental methodology | directly manipulating one variable to determine if it causes any change in another variable |
| non-experimental methodology | research where nothing is manipulated and participants are randomly assigned to conditions/ to order of conditions. |
| correlation | how much 2 factors vary together/how well 1 predicts the other |
| correlation coefficient | the stat measure of a relationship between two variables. NOT causation. |
| variable | anything that can vary/be measured |
| scatterplot | dot cluster graphed that represents variables. the slope= direction of relationship. amount of scatter = strength of correlation |
| illusory correlation | personal influence causing you to see a correlation when there is none. |
| regression towards the mean | tendency that extreme scores tend to fall back in the average. |
| experiment | used to find cause and effect works by manipulating factors |
| control group | group not exposed to experimental treatment that provides contrast. (dependent variable) |
| independent variable | what would INFLUENCE the dependent variable experiment factor that's MANIPULATED, variable whose effect is studies |
| dependent variable(s) | what happens BECAUSE independent variable experimental factor that's measured. this may change when independent does. |
| random assignment | assigned people to experimental and control groups by chance so there's no pre-existing differences. |
| single-blind procedure | experiments where participants don't know if they get actual treatment or placebo. |
| double-blind procedure | experiment where both the participants and staff are blind (used for drug studies) |
| placebo effect | acting on merely the lies/words when actually treatment is false. |
| confounding variable | factor other than what's studied that could influence results |
| validity | that the experiment tests what it's supposed to |
| positive/negative correlation | direction of correlation |
| 3rd variable problem | |
| quantitative research | research that uses numerical data |
| qualitative research | research that uses in depth narrative data not translated to numbers |
| likert scales | |
| institutional review | |
| informed consent | giving potential participants info about a study so they can actually have a fair choice in participation. |
| ethical guidelines | what researchers would have to follow in experiments |
| informed assent | researchers telling their subjects everything about the study so they have the correct information |
| protect from harm | |
| confidentiality | |
| minimal deception | |
| research confederates | |
| debriefing | explaining research after, specifically telling experimental group the purpose of research and potential deceptions. |
| descriptive stats | number data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups |
| histogram | a bar graph showing the distribution of frequency. when interpreting graphs,note the scale labels and the range. |
| measure of central tendency | the mode, median, mean, percentile rank. |
| mode | most common occurring score in distribution |
| percentile rank | the percent of scores that are less than the given score |
| skewed distribution | the representation of scores that lacks symmetry around an average. |
| measures of variation | the range, standard deviation, normal curve |
| standard deviation | how much scores vary around the mean |
| inferential stats | numbers that allow generalized truth to be applied to a population. |
| statistical significance | how likely a result occurred by chance with two equal populations. |
| effect size | the strength of a relationship between two variables. variables > effect size > relationships |
Created by:
tmenon27