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Module 2_Cell Types,
Module 2_Cell Types, Structures, and Functions.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| FOUR COMMON COMPONENTS - An outer covering that separates the cell’s interior from its surrounding environment. | PLASMA MEBRANE |
| FOUR COMMON COMPONENTS - Consisting of a jelly-like region within the cell in which other cellular components are found. | CYTOPLASM |
| FOUR COMMON COMPONENTS - The genetic material of the cell. | DNA |
| FOUR COMMON COMPONENTS - Particles that synthesize proteins. | RIBOSOMES |
| -(From Old Greek pro which means before) - Organisms without a cell nucleus - No nucleus - No membrane-bound organelles - Thrive almost everywhere, including extreme environments, hence, they are the most abundant organisms on Earth. -3.5 billion yrs | PROKARYOTIC |
| General Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell - Long fibers attached to the basal body of the cell. - Helps in movement/locomotion. | FLAGELLUM/FLAGELLA |
| General Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell - Small hair-like projections. - Used to adhere to one another or to attach to cell surfaces of the other organisms. - Helps in attachment to the surface and other bacteria while mating. - attached or connection | FIMBRIAE |
| General Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell - Hair-like hollow attachment present on the surface of bacteria. - Used to transfer DNA to other cells during cell-cell adhesion. | PILI/PILUS |
| General Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell - Outer viscous covering of fibers extending from the bacterium. - This layer function as a receptor, the adhesive also provide protection to the cell wall. - Used for protection and adhesion to surfaces | GLYCOCALYX |
| TYPE OF GLYCOCALYX - Appears tightly bound accumulation of gelatinous material adhering to the cell wall (compact). | CAPSULE |
| TYPE OF GLYCOCALYX - Appears unorganized and more loosely attached (diffuse). | SLIME LAYER |
| General Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell - Extracellular structure that enclose the entire cell, including the plasma membrane. - A protective layer that surrounds cells and maintains its shape and rigidity. - provides rigidity and support for the cell. | CELL WALL |
| MAJOR GROUP OF CALL WALL - traps crystal violet, which remain the red safranin dye | GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA |
| MAJOR GROUP OF CALL WALL - thinner cell wall - more dangerous than gram-positive - more complex double layer - lipid layer - crystal violet is easily rinsed away, revealing the red safranin dye | GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA |
| General Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell - Thin layer of protein and lipids surrounding the cytoplasm. - Confines the contents of the cell to an internal compartment and regulate the flow of materials inside and outside the cells. | PLASMA/CELL MEMBRANE |
| General Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell - Extension of cell membrane folded inward. - Form a complex of membranes along which many of the cell’s metabolic reactions take place. | MESOSOMES |
| General Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell - A limited region where the genetic material (DNA) is located. - Large DNA molecule is condensed into the small packet. - does not have membrane separating the DNA from the rest of the cell | NUCLEOID |
| General Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell - Contains extrachromosomal DNA which are small, circular, and double-stranded molecules. - Carry genes that confer advantageous traits such as antibiotic resistance. - Circular DNA | PLASMID |
| General Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell - Synthesize polypeptides and proteins. - Dense and small complexes of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and proteins. | RIBOSOMES |
| General Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell - Tiny particles found freely suspended and floating within the cytoplasmic matrix. - Helps in storage of carbohydrates, glycogen, phosphate, fats in the form of particles which can be used when needed. | INCLUSION BODIES |
| General Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell - A highly durable non-reproductive structure formed by certain bacteria. - Highly resistant to ensure survival and preserve the genetic information under environmental stress. - helps cells survive in harsh | ENDOSPORES |
| - (Comes from the Greek ευ, meaning good/true) - This also includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists - With membrane-bound organelles. - it has a nucleus - larger than prokaryotic cells. - enclose by a double membrane known as "nuclear envelop" | EUKARYOTIC |
| General Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell - made up of a double layer of lipids with some proteins scattered throughout - Helps to maintain homeostasis by allowing certain substance to flow in and out of the cell - "selective permeability" | CELL/PLASMA MEMBRANE |
| General Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell - Found inside the cell membrane but outside the nucleus. - Clear, thick, jellylike material - It is the location where other organelles are located | CYTOPLASM |
| Fluid component of the cytoplasm. | CYTOSOL |
| General Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell - It is supporting framework of the cells - A web of long tubes and fibers made of protein found throughout the cytoplasm - Supports the cell and helps the cell keep its shape. - Helps certain cells move. | CYTOSKELETON |
| TYPE OF CYTOSKELETON - The largest filament having the diameter of about 24 nanometers (nm), made up of a protein called tubulin. | MICROTUBULES |
| TYPE OF CYTOSKELETON - The smallest filament of about 6nm, made of the protein called actin. - solid, rod-like structure | MICROFILAMENTS |
| General Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell - well-defined nucleus - Found within the cytoplasm; separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane. - Largest organelle made up of 3 parts - Controls all the cell’s activities – specifies cell protein. | NUCLEUS |
| COMPONENTS OF THE NUCLEUS - A thin double-layer membrane that surrounds the nucleus; contains pores to let materials in and out. | NUCLEAR MEMBRANE |
| COMPONENTS OF THE NUCLEUS - Thin threadlike structures made up of DNA; contains gene that controls cell activities and provides the information the ribosomes need to make proteins. | CHROMATIN |
| COMPONENTS OF THE NUCLEUS - A granular body within nucleus; consists of RNA and protein; site of ribosomal RNA synthesis. | NUCLEOLUS |
| General Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell - Gets instructions for protein production from the DNA in nucleus. - They help in protein synthesis - Have 80S ribosomes which are further divided into two subunits – 40S and 60S. (S stands for Svedberg unit) | RIBOSOMES |
| General Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell - Synthesizes lipids and modifies many proteins; origin of intracellular transport vesicles that carry proteins. - It transports lipids, proteins and other materials through the cell. - Network of folded tube-like | ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM |
| TYPE OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM - Has bound ribosomes, which secrete glycoproteins - Distributes transport vesicles, proteins surrounded by membranes. - Membrane factory for the cell. | ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM |
| TYPE OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM - Synthesizes lipids - Metabolizes carbohydrates - Detoxifies poison - Stores calcium | SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM |
| General Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell - Sort and modify proteins from the ER to do different jobs; these are then packaged in sacs that break off the end of the stack - Disc-shaped sacs known as "cisternae" - helps in the packaging of materials | GOLGI APPARATUS |
| "RECIEVING" side of Golgi apparatus | CIS FACE |
| "SHIPPING" side of Golgi apparatus | TRANS FACE |
| General Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell - Rod-shaped structures that have a folded inner membrane within an outer membrane - Release energy from the sugar in food by combining it with oxygen - The “powerhouse” of the cell | MITOCHONDRIA |
| General Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell - responsible for making ATP - have their own DNA and ribosomes. | MITOCHONDRIA |
| General Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell - Small, round structures filled with digestive enzymes. - Break down large food molecules into small ones - Digest waste products, worn out organelles. - Protect the cell from foreign invaders. - destructive | LYSOSOMES |
| General Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell - Membranous sacs containing a variety of enzymes. - Site of many diverse metabolic reactions - enzymes in ______ are synthesized by free ribosomes and transported into a _______ from the cytoplasm. | PEROXISOMES |
| General Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell - Large membranous sacs (mostly in plants, fungi, algae) filled with fluid. - Storage area for food, water, wastes, and other materials. - membrane-bound cavities containing fluid as well solid materials | VACUOLE |
| General Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell - These are found in algae and plants; one of the most important organelles in the plant which helps in converting energy sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis. - They resemble mitochondria. | CHLOROPLAST |
| General Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell - Large oval-shaped double-membrane structure enclosing internal thylakoid membrane - site of photosynthesis | CHLOROPLAST |
| General Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell - Found in cytoplasm; usually close to the nucleus; consists of two centrioles oriented at right angles to each other - Major microtubule-organizing center for the cell | CENTROSOMES |
| General Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell - Found outside the cell membrane - provides shapes, rigidity, and support to the cell - Protect plant cells from disease-causing organisms and prevent from bursting due to increased hydrostatic pressure. | CELL WALL |
| General Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell - Membranous channels that cross walls of adjacent plant cells, linking the cytoplasm and plasma membranes of cells. - Allows direct cytoplasmic cell-to-cell communication | PLASMODESMATA |
| General Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell - Cilia and flagella are locomotory attachments, helps in the movement of a cell towards positive stimuli. | APPENDAGES |
| ____ are shorter than flagella and numerous. | CILIA |
| General Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell - Glycocalyx is a kind of polysaccharide, and it is the outermost layer of the cell which helps in cell adherence, protection, and in receiving signals from other cells. | SURFACE STRUCTURE |
| - Have plastids - Have a cell wall - Have a large, central vacoule - May have plasmodemata - Store excess glucose as starch - Generally have fix, regular shape | PLANT CELL |
| - Have paired centrioles within centrosome - Have cholesterol in the cell membrane - Store excess glucose as glycogen - Generally have an amorphous shape | ANIMAL CELL |
| - Small cells (0.1–5.0 µm) - Always unicellular - No nucleus or membrane-bound such as mitochondria - DNA is circular - Ribosomes are small (70S) - No cytoskeleton - Reproduction is always asexual - Huge variety of metabolic pathways | PROKARYOTIC CELLS |
| - Large cells ( 10–100 µm) - Often multicellular - Always have nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles - DNA is linear - Ribosomes is large (80S) - Always has cytoskeleton - Reproduction is asexual or sexual - Common metabolic pathways | EUKARYOTIC CELLS |
| TYPE OF CYTOSKELETON - Helps strengthen cytoskeleton - Though fibers made of protein | INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS |
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