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Highway-Prelim
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a __________ concern is to design roads that would adequately handle expected traffic, and ensure that roads are safe and pleasant to drive on. | Highway Engineer |
| ________ have been developed as guide in the design of highways and to ensure that motorist’s convenience, Environmental safety and aesthetic considerations are implemented in the most economical manner consistent with highway service conditions. | Standards |
| Highway Types/ classification | 2 lanes multi lane undivided multilane divided |
| Classification of Highways According to System in Philippines | national provincial city municipal barangay roads |
| A general term denoting a public way for purposes of traffic, including the entire area within the road right-of-way – DPWH Enterprise Data Glossary | Road |
| A thoroughfare, route or way on land between two places that has been paved or otherwise improved to allow travel by foot or some form of conveyance. –Wikipedia | Road |
| A wide way leading from one place to another, especially one with a specially prepared surface which vehicles can use. -Oxford | Road |
| National roads | primary secondary |
| These are roads connecting one municipality to another, with the terminal to be the public plaza; plus roads extending from one municipality or from a provincial or national road to a public wharf or railway station. | Provincial Roads |
| -Roads / streets within the población area of the municipality or within the urban area of a city not classified as provincial or national roads. | Municipal/City Roads |
| -Roads located outside the poblacion area of a municipality or urban area of a city and those outside industrial, commercial or residential subdivision, and which act as a feeder from Farm-to market road, and are not otherwise classified as national, | Barangay Roads |
| -Tourism road is a road which marketed as particularly suited for tourist. May be roadways enjoyed by local citizen in areas of unique or exceptional natural beauty. | Tourism Roads |
| Farm to Market Roads refer to roads linking the agriculture and fisheries production sites, coastal landing points and post-harvest facilities to the market and arterial roads and highways.- | Farm to Market Roads |
| Road Classification According to Primary Function | Expressways Freeways Parkways |
| These are divided arterial highways for through traffic, with full or partial control of access and generally with grade separations at major intersections | Expressways |
| A freeway is a "controlled-access" highway — also known as an express highway — that's designed exclusively for high-speed vehicular traffic. | Freeways |
| Parkways are arterial highways for noncommercial traffic with full or partial control of access, usually located within a park or a ribbon of park-like development. | Parkways |
| -Simplest form of road. -Constructed by shaping and smoothing the natural soil traversed by the road line | Earth Road |
| Simplest form of road. -Constructed from natural gravel with a sufficient amount of good quality soil which serves as binder. | Gravel Road |
| -Flexible pavement. - Composed of bituminous materials, aggregates, mineral filler and hydrated lime. | Asphalt Concrete Pavement |
| Rigid pavement. -Composed of cement, fine and course aggregates and water | Portland Cement Concrete Pavement |
| ➢ Loads are distributed in small areas ➢ Structural capacity is sum of multiple layers ➢ Easy and rapid construction ➢ Quiet and comfortable ride | ACP |
| ➢ Loads influence large areas ➢ Structural capacity is supplied mainly by the slab itself ➢ Needs curing time ➢ Durable to heavy loads | PCCP |
| -It is the upper layer of natural soil which may be the undisturbed local materials, or soil excavated elsewhere placed as fill. -It is compacted during construction for road stability | Subgrade |
| These are individual stabilizing layers of selected material and designed thickness placed on top of the subgrade to distribute the load transmitted from the surface course | Subbase and Base Courses |
| It is the uppermost structural component of the roadway which provides resistance to wear and shearing stress due to traffic load. | Surface Courses |
| It provides an even skid resistance surface with comfortable durability and is appropriately crowned to prevent rain water from penetrating into the subgrade. | Surface Courses |
| It is located beneath or alongside the roadway used in collecting, transporting and disposing of surface water originating in or near | Drainage Structures |
| -It is constructed along the side of the roadway to stabilize the slopes either above or below the elevation of the roadway. | Slope Protection Structures |
| These are other works that improve the usability and safety of a particular roadway for both motorists and pedestrians. | Miscellaneous Structures |
| DESIGN DATA 1.FIELD SURVEY INFORMATION (e.g. location) 2.SOIL INVESTIGATION 3.EXISTING PAVEMENT EVALUATION 4.DRAINAGE RECOMMENDATION 5.DESIGN CONTROLS 6.REQUIREMENTS FOR SPEEDY PLAN PREPARATION | |
| Topography is a major factor in determining the physical location, alignment, gradients, sight distance, cross sections and other design elements of highway. | 1. FIELD SURVEY INFORMATION |
| Concerned with gathering of pertinent data for more effective highway planning, design, construction and operation. | Highway Location |
| Soils/Geotechnical Engineer should direct his investigation towards obtaining design data for the construction or improvement of the road; and analyze in detail the soil problems along the roads in order to decide the most suitable investigation, met | 2. SOIL INVESTIGATION |
| SOIL INVESTIGATION | All investigations should be in accordance with the ASTM and AASHTO standard |
| SOIL INVESTIGATION | SAMPLING AND TESTING • Mechanical analysis • Specific gravity • Atterberg’s limits • Moisture density relationship • California Bearing Ratio % • Natural moisture content • AASHTO Soil classification |
| Whilst test pits and borings can give all the subgrade data,only pavement inspection combined with some back-ground history of the pavement can guide the pavement engineer in his evaluation on the remaining life of the pavement through visual inspect | EXISTING PAVEMENT EVALUATION |
| Water is often the cause, whether directly or indirectly of highway destruction. Drainage facilities therefore, should be given the same consideration as required for pavement. | 4. DRAINAGE RECOMMENDATION |
| CLASSIFICATION OF HIGHWAY DRAINAGE | •Surface Drainage System •Underground Drainage System |
| It should be installed under the shoulder of the cut section to prevent the seepage water from penetrating into the subgrade and)or to lower the watertable,in principle | •Underground Drainage System |
| Refers to removal of water running the surface, the water coming as precipitation in the form of rainwater. | •Surface Drainage System |
| TYPES OF SURFACE DRAINAGE | •Road Surface Drainage System •Slope Surface Drainage System •Frontage Road Drainage System |
| Shoulder Drainage System Median strip Drainage System | •Road Surface Drainage System |
| Slope shoulder drainage Slope toe drainage Vertical drainage system Slope berm drainage system | •Slope Surface Drainage System |
| ROAD SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM | Shoulder Drainage System Median strip Drainage System |
| SLOPE SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM | Slope shoulder drainage Slope toe drainage |
| Installed to collect and drain the rainwater falling on the surface of the road. The system consists of the flow cross section composed of the shoulder width and outfall curb or side ditches place along the longitudinal edge of the shoulder | Shoulder Drainage System |
| They are installed to collect and remove water at the median strip side, the water falling into the median strip and in curved sections, the water coming from the road surface | Median strip Drainage System |
| Water collected at the cut slope at the shoulder and berms should be drained by vertical ditches installed along the outside of the slope | Slope shoulder drainage |
| It is generally dealt with the shoulder drainage system oft he roadway and should be installed where seepage water from the slope is abundant or where | Slope toe drainage |
| SLOPE SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM | Vertical drainage system Slope drainage system |
| It is installed to drain water inditches at the slope shoulder and berm .The system mainly consists of ditches installed along the slope. | Vertical drainage system |
| It is installed to prevent water running on a slope and seepage water from eroding slope or from fracturing the surface layer of the slope | Slope drainage system |
| This is installed to drain water from the surface and slope of the frontage roads, and from adjacent areas and side ditches, catch basins, pipes, among others. | Frontage Road Drainage System |
| TYPES OF UNDERGROUND DRAINAGE | -Underground Drainage System for Cut Section -Underground Drainage System for Embankment Section -Underground Drainage System for median strip -Underground Drainage System for transition |
| This is installed at the shoulder of the cut section to prevent underground water from entering the sub-grade and to lower the underground water table | Underground Drainage System for Cut Section |
| It should be designed in relation to the embankment and slopes, compression / settlement of embankment | Underground Drainage System for Embankment Section |
| It is installed to remove water penetrated into the median strip if the surface of the median strip is covered with impervious material such as concrete/asphalt | Underground Drainage System for median strip |
| It is installed to drain seepage water entering the transition from embankment to cut or vice versa. | Underground Drainage System for transition |
| DESIGN CONTROLS | •Anticipated Traffic Volume •Character of Traffic •Design Speeds, Traffic, Highway Capacity |
| -the design of highway or any part thereof should consider jointly all data relating to traffic such as traffic volume, character of traffic and axle loading (AADT) | Anticipated Traffic Volume |
| all roads should be designed to accommodate trucks, buses and passenger vehicles with safety and convenience. A thorough knowledge of the design vehicle’s weight, dimension, mobility and other characteristics, is essential for good design | Character of Traffic |
| –selected speed used to determine the minimum values for superelevation, lane width and sight distances | Design Speed |
| REQUIREMENTS FOR SPEEDY PLAN PREPARATION | Plans (CL, contours, azimuth) Profile (Grades, MFE, curves) Cross Section (at every 20m) Geotechnical Drawing (Soil survey, sources of borrow, aggregates) |
| DESIGN CRITERIA | • DESIGN STANDARDS • REQUIREMENTS FOR DESIGN ANALYSIS |
| REQUIREMENTS FOR DESIGN ANALYSIS | • Suitable for traffic volume • Consistent and must avoid surprise changes in alignment • Pleasing to the user and to those who live along it • Simple as possible from the standpoint of the builder |
| REQUIREMENTS FOR DESIGN ANALYSIS | • Can be maintained at the least cost • And safe for driving and ensure confidence for the motorists. |
| movement of people and goods from one point to another | transportation |
| Importance of transportation | -economic growth -social connectivity -development and urbanization -environmental impact -emergency response |
| transportation modes | -land -water -air -cable -space -human powered animal powered |
| economic growth | trade and commerce employment |
| social connectivity | access to services community interaction |
| development and urbanization | infrastructure development tourism |
| environmental impact | sustainable practice |
| emergency response | disaster relief |
| land | road rail pipeline |
| water | ship and boat ferries |
| air | airplane helicopter |
| cable | cable cars funicular |
| space | spacecraft |
| human powered | bicycle and pedestrian |
| animal powered | horse camel oxen |
| flexibility | route and schedule door to door services |
| accessibility | geographical reach infrastructure |
| cost effectiveness | lower cost maintenance |
| speed and efficiency | quick transport timely deliveries |
| versatility | variety of vehicles adaptability |
| environmental impact | pollution |
| scope of highway engineering | planning and development design construction and maintenance |
| traffic engineering | traffic management safety analysis urbanization |
| economic development | trade and commerce employment |
| accessibility and connectivity | rural development access to services |
| safety and efficiency | transportation safety efficient travel |
| environmental impact | sustainable practices |
| social benefits | emergency response community interaction |
| ROAD CLASSIFICATION: BY FUNCTION | freeway or expressway arterial roads collector roads local roads |
| ROAD CLASSIFICATION: BY LOCATION | urban roads: streets, avenues and blvd rural roads: farm to market, country roads |
| ROAD CLASSIFICATION: BY CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL | PAVED: ASPHALT AND CONCRETE ROAD UNPAVED: GRAVEL AND DIRT ROAD |
| ROAD CLASSIFICATION: BY TRAFFIC VOLUME | HIGH VOL-MAJOR ROADS LOW VOL-LOCAL ROADS |
| ROAD CLASSIFICATION: BY TOPOGRAPHY | MOUNTAIN FLAT TERRAIN ROLLING TERRAIN |
Created by:
raiaa