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BIO168: Chapter 1-4
BIO168: A&P Chapter 1-4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| All material, including those that comprise the human body are composed of _________. | chemicals |
| ________ are tiny particles that make up chemicals . | atoms |
| Atoms contain ________ and ________ . | hydrogen and carbon |
| Atoms are comprised of even smaller particles called ________ ________. | subatomic particles |
| subatomic particles contain ________, _________, and ________ that make up cells | protons, neutrons, and electrons |
| particles consisting of atoms joined together are called __________. | molecules |
| molecules contain ________ and ________ . | water and glucose |
| large particles consisting of molecules are called ___________. | macromolecules |
| macromolecules contain ________ and ________ . | D N A and protein |
| the basic unit of structure and function is a _______. | cell |
| cells contain structures called ___________ that carry on specific activities. | organelles |
| organelles are composed of large molecules including: | Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic acids |
| specialized cells assemble into layers or masses that that have specific functions. Such a group of cells is called a ________. | tissue |
| groups of different tissue form ________ - complex structures with specialized functions. | organs |
| groups of organs that function closely together comprise ________ ________. | organ systems |
| interacting organ systems make up an __________. | organism |
| what are the characteristics of life? | Growth Reproduction Responsiveness Movement Metabolism |
| ________ : increases the cell number and size and increases in body size | Growth |
| ________ : production of new cells and organisms. | Reproduction |
| ________ : reaction to a change inside or outside of the body. | Responsiveness |
| ________ : change in body position or location, motion of internal organs. | Movement |
| ________ : the sum of all chemical reactions in a living system: Energy and nutrition cycling. | Metabolism |
| ________ : Acquiring energy. Most organisms do it by taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide. | Respiration |
| ________ : Breaking down food into usable nutrients for absorption into the blood. | Digestion |
| ________ : Moving chemicals and cells through the body fluids. | Circulation |
| ________ : Removing waste products. | Excretion |
| What are the 11 Organ Systems 1.____________________ 7.___________________ 2.____________________ 8.___________________ 3.____________________ 9.___________________ 4.____________________ 10.__________________ 5.______________ | 1. Cardiovascular 2. Digestive 3. Endocrine 4. Integumentary 5. Lymphatic 6. Muscular 7. Nervous 8. Reproductive 9. Respiratory 10. Skeletal 11. Urinary |
| The major function of the ___________ system is to: Protect tissue, regulate body temperature, support sensory receptors. | Integumentary System |
| The major function of the ___________ system is to: Provide framework, protect soft tissues, provide attachments for muscles, produce blood cells, store inorganic salts. | Skeletal |
| The major function of the ___________ system is to: Cause movements, maintain posture, produce body heat. | Muscular system |
| The major function of the ___________ system is to: Detect changes, receive and interpret sensory information, stimulate muscles and glads. | Nervous system |
| The major function of the ___________ system is to: Control metabolic activities of body structures. | Endocrine system |
| The major function of the ___________ system is to: Move blood through blood vessels and transport substances throughout body. | Cardiovascular |
| The major function of the ___________ system is to: Return tissue fluid to the blood, carry certain absorbed food molecules, defend the body against infection. | Lymphatic system |
| The major function of the ___________ system is to: Receive, break down, and absorb food; eliminate unabsorbed material. | Digestive |
| The major function of the ___________ system is to: Intake and output of air, exchange of gases between air and blood | Respiratory |
| The major function of the ___________ system is to: Remove wastes from blood, maintain water and electrolyte balance, store and eliminate urine. | Urinary |
| The major function of the ___________ system is to: Produce and maintain sperm cells, transfer sperm cells into female reproductive track. Produce and maintain oocytes, receive sperm cells, support development of a embryo, and function in birth process | Reproductive |
| Major Organs of the Integumentary System include: | Skin Hair Nails Sweat glands Sebaceous glands |
| Major Organs of the Skeletal System include: | Bones Ligaments Cartilages |
| Major Organs of the Muscular System include: | Muscles |
| Major Organs of the Nervous System include: | Brain Spinal cord nerves Sense glands |
| Major Organs of the Endocrine System include: | (Glands that secrete hormones) Pituitary glands Thyroid glands Parathyroid glands Adrenal glands Pancreas Ovaries Testes Pineal gland Thymus |
| (4) Major Organs of the Cardiovascular System include: | Heart Arteries Capillaries Veins |
| Major Organs of the Lymphatic System include: | Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Thymus Spleen |
| Major Organs of the Digestive System include: | Mouth Tongue Teeth Salivary glands Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Small Intestine Large Intestine |
| Major Organs of the Respiratory System include: | Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs |
| (4) Major Organs of the Urinary System include: | Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra |
| Major Organs of the Reproductive System include: | MALE: Scrotum - Testes - Epididymides - Ductus deferential - Seminal vesicles - Prostate gland - Bulbourethral glands - Urethra - Penis FEMALE: Ovaries - Uterine tubes - Vagina - Clitoris - Vulva |
| ________ _________ are terms used to describe the location of one body part with respect to another. | Relative Position |
| __________: means a part is ABOVE another part. | Superior |
| __________: means a part is BELOW another part. | Inferior ( the neck is INFERIOR to the head) |
| __________: means toward the FRONT | Anterior (ventral) (the eyes are ANTERIOR to the brain) |
| __________: means toward the BACK | Posterior (dorsal) (the pharynx is POSTERIOR to the oral cavity) |
| __________: refers to an imaginary mid-line dividing the body into equal Right and Left halves = R [ | ] L = | Medial [a part is Medial if it is closer to the mid-line than another part] (the nose is MEDIAL to the eyes) |
| __________: means TOWARD the SIDE, away from the mid-line R [ < | > ] L | Lateral (the ears are LATERAL to the eyes) |
| __________: refers to paired structures, one on each side of the mid-line. R [ * | * ] L | Bilateral (the lungs are BILATERAL) |
| __________: refers to structures on the same side. R [ ; | ] L | Ipsilateral (the right lung is and the right kidney are IPSILATERAL) |
| __________: refers to structures on the opposite side. | Contralateral ( a patient with a fractured right leg would have to bare weight on the CONTRALATERAL - in this case, left-lower limb) |
| __________: describes a part CLOSER to the point of attachment to the trunk than another body part. | Proximal (the elbow is PROXIMAL to the wrist) |
| __________: means a particular body part is FARTHER from a point of attachment to the trunk. | Distal (the fingers are DISTAL to the wrist) |
| __________: means near the surface. | Superficial (the epidermis is the superficial layer of the skin) |
| __________: describes more internal parts. | Deep (the Demis is the the DEEP layer of the skin) |
| __________: refers to a section that divides the body into Anterior and Posterior portions. | Frontal (coronal) |
| __________: refers to a cut that divides the body into Superior and Inferior portions. | Transverse (horizontal) |
| What anatomical plane divides the body into left and right? R [|] L | Sagittal plane { SAJ-ih-tal } |
| If a sagittal section passes along the mid-line and divides the body into equal parts, it is called ____________. | Mid-sagittal (median) |
| A sagittal section lateral to the mid-line is called ____________. | Parasagittal |
| Cylindrical portions may be cut into what 3 sections ? (-) (/) (|) | (-) Cross section (/) Oblique section (|) Longitudinal section |
| ( Axial portion ) The Trunk includes the : | Thorax [ chest ] Abdomen [ area below the chest and above the pelvis ] Pelvis [ area associated with hips ] |
| ( Appendicular portion) The UPPER Limbs include the: | Arms [ from shoulder > elbow ] Forearms [ from elbow > hand ] |
| ( Appendicular portion) The LOWER Limbs include the: | Thigh [ from hip > knee ] Leg [ from knee > foot ] |
| The Abdominal area is subdivided in two ways: | 4 Quadrants 9 Regions |
| Name the Quadrants of the Abdominal area: | Right Upper quadrant | Left Upper quadrant Right Lower quadrant | Left Lower quadrant RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ |
| Name the Regions of the Abdominal area: | [R] Hypochondriac region | Epigastric region | [L] Hypochondriac region [R] Lateral region | Umbilical region | [L] Lateral region [R] Inguinal region | Pubic region | [L] Inguinal region |
| buccal (BUK-al) | cheek |
| carpal (KAR-pal) | wrist |
| celiac (SEE-lee-ak) | abdomen |
| cephalic | head |
| cervical (SER-vih-kuhl) | neck |
| costal (KOS-tal) | ribs |
| coxal | hip |
| crural | leg |
| cubital (KYOO-bih-tal) | elbow |
| digital (DIJ-ih-tal) | finger or toe |
| dorsal (DOR-sal) | back |
| femoral (FEM-oh-ral) | thigh |
| frontal (FRON-tal) | forehead |
| genital (JEN-ih-tal) | external reproductive organs |
| gluteal (GLOO-tee-al) | buttocks |
| inguinal (IN-gwin-al) (or iliac region) | the groin { The junctional area between the torso and the thigh } { The groin is at the front of the body on either side of the pubic tubercle, where the lower part of the abdominal wall meets the thigh } |
| lumbar (LUM-bar) | region of the lower back between the ribs and the pelvis (loin) |
| mammary (MAM-ah-ree) | breast |
| mental (MEN-tal) | chin |
| nasal (NAY-zal) | nose |
| occipital (ock-SIP-it-al) | inferior posterior region on the head (back of head) |
| oral (OR-al) | mouth |
| orbital (OR-bit-al) | eye cavity |
| otic (OT-ik) | ear |
| palmar (PAHL-mar | palm of hand |
| patellar (pah-TELL-ar) | knee cap { anterior part of the knee } |
| pectoral (PEK-toh-ral) | anterior chest |
| pedal (PEED-al) | foot |
| pelvic (PEK-vik) | pelvis |
| perineal (PER-ih-NEE-al) | the inferior-most region of the trunk between the thighs and the buttocks |
| Plantar (PLAN-tar) | sole of the foot |
| popliteal (pop-LIT-eal) | back of knee { area posterior to the knee } |
| sacral (SAY-kral) | posterior region between the the hip bones (between hips) |
| sternal (STER-nal) | middle of the thorax, anteriorly |
| sural (SOO-ral) | calf of the leg |
| tarsal (TAR-sahl) | ankle |
| umbilical (um-BILL-ih-kal) | Navel |
| Vertebral (vur-TEE-brul) | spinal column |
| brachial (BRAY-kee-al) | arm |
| axillary (AK-sil-air-ee) | armpit |
| antecubital (an-te-KYOO-bit-al) | anterior surface of the elbow |
| antebrachial (AN-tee-BRAY-kee-al) | forearm |
| acromial (ah-KROH-mee-al) | point of the shoulder |
| The abdominal region is located… (ab-DOM-in-al) | between the thorax and pelvis region. |
| Define 'viscera' : | the soft internal organs of the body. Including the: Lungs / Heart and the organs of the Digestive / Excretory / Reproductive systems |
| Gene | he basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up of DNA |
| codon | a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis. DNA and RNA molecules are written in a language of four nucleotides; meanwhile, the language of proteins includes 20 am |
| intron | a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule which does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes. |
| exon | a region of the genome that ends up within an mRNA molecule. |
| chromosome | A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell. A chromosome is made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes. Each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. |
| chromatid | one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division. |
| anticodon | a three-nucleotide sequence on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a codon on an mRNA molecule |
| mutation | Any change in the DNA sequence of a cell. Mutations may be caused by mistakes during cell division, or they may be caused by exposure to DNA-damaging agents in the environment. Mutations can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect. |
| genome | A structure which provides energy for the cell. All the DNA contained in one cell is called the genome. We have one copy of our genome in nearly every cell in our bod |
| Purpose of mitosis | cell regeneration, growth, and asexual reproduction |
| Purpose of meiosis | the production of gametes for sexual reproduction |
| Phases of cellular respiration | glycolysis pyruvate oxidation the citric acid or Krebs cycle oxidative phosphorylation |
| Glycolysis takes place in the_________ | cytosol |
| the citric acid cycle occurs in the _______________ _________ | mitochondrial matrix |
| oxidative phosphorylation occurs on the ________ ___________ __________ | inner mitochondrial membrane |
| pyruvate oxidation occurs in the ___________ __________ | mitochondrial matrix |
| cellular respiration | a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and produces ATP |
| The products of cellular respiration are _______ __________, _____, and _________. | carbon dioxide, ATP, and water |
| What is NADH? | "nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)." It occurs naturally in the body and plays a role in generating energy. |
| What is FADH? | "Flavin adenine dinucleotide, or FADH2" an electron carrier that transfers electrons from glycolysis and Krebs cycle of respiration to ETS of respiration. Due to the redox reaction of molecules, form during the Krebs cycle. It plays an importan |
| Function of vitamins | helping to fight infection, wound healing, making our bones strong and regulating hormones. |
| Phases of mitosis and purpose | Interphase prophase prometaphase metaphase anaphase telophase |
| the first phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. | Prophase |
| what happens during prophase | The chromosomes condense into X-shaped structures that can be easily seen under a microscope. Each chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids, containing identical genetic information. The chromosomes pair up so that both copies of chromosome 1 |
| the phase of mitosis following prophase and preceding metaphase in eukaryotic somatic cells | prometaphase |
| what happens during prometaphase | the nuclear membrane breaks apart into numerous "membrane vesicles," and the chromosomes inside form protein structures called kinetochores. |
| the third phase of mitosis | metaphase |
| what happens during metaphase | The chromosomes line up neatly end-to-end along the centre (equator) of the cell. The centrioles are now at opposite poles of the cell with the mitotic spindle fibres extending from them. The mitotic spindle fibres attach to each of the sister chrom |
| the stage of mitosis after the process of metaphase | anaphase |
| what happens during anaphase | The sister chromatids are then pulled apart by the mitotic spindle which pulls one chromatid to one pole and the other chromatid to the opposite pole. |
| the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase | telophase |
| what happens during telophase | At each pole of the cell a full set of chromosomes gather together. A membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to create two new nuclei. The single cell then pinches in the middle to form two separate daughter cells each containing a full set o |
| the phase of the cell cycle in which a cell copies its DNA to prepare for mitosis. | interphase |
| what happens during interphase? | The DNA in the cell is copied in preparation for cell division, this results in two identical full sets of chromosomes. Outside of the nucleus are two centrosomes, each containing a pair of centrioles, these structures are critical for the process of c |
| the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level. | ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) |
| The structure of _____ is a nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and three serially bonded phosphate groups. | ATP |
| organelles | sub-cellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell. important cell organelles are nuclei mitochondria ribosomes |
| nuclei | stores genetic information |
| mitochondria | produce chemical energy |
| ribosomes | assemble proteins |
| The fundamental structure of the membrane is the ____________ __________ | phospholipid bilayer |
| The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, is found in all cells and : | separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. |
| ______ ________ regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell. | cell membrane |
| The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer that is ____________ | semipermeable |
| cellular membranes are made of | glycerophospholipids, molecules composed of glycerol, a phosphate group, and two fatty acid chains. |
| the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecule | Replication |
| the process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA. This RNA copy [ called messenger RNA (mRNA) ] carries the genetic information needed to make proteins in a cell. | transcription |
| the process through which information encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA) directs the addition of amino acids during protein synthesis. | translation processes |
| the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration of the molecules to an area with a lower concentration. | Diffusion |
| he movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules, through a cell's partially permeable membrane. | Osmosis |
| a type of passive transport that uses specialized proteins, such as channel proteins and carrier proteins, to help molecules move across a cell membrane. molecules can move down their concentration gradient without requiring any energy input from the | Facilitated Diffusion |
| the movement of molecules against a concentration gradient and requires energy from the cell. | Active Transport |
| the process in which solid particles in a liquid or gaseous fluid are removed by the use of a filter medium that permits the fluid to pass through but retains the solid particles. | Filtration |
| the pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane | Osmotic pressure |
| the process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle | Endocytosis |
| a process that occurs when a cell moves large materials from inside the cell to the outside of the cell using small spheres of membrane called vesicles. This process is a form of active transport, meaning it uses energy. | Exocytosis |
| a relative excess of the solute with extracellular distribution over body water regardless of whether body water is normal, reduced, or excessive | hyper-tonicity |
| A solution with a lower concentration of solutes than the cell | hypo-tonicity |
| The process by which a phagocyte (a type of white blood cell) surrounds and destroys foreign substances (such as bacteria) and removes dead cells. | Phagocytosis |
| is a cellular process in which specific molecules are internalized by binding to receptors on the cell surface | Receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) |
| a solution with the same concentration of solutes as the cell. | Isotonic |
| How are salts formed? | the reaction of an acid with a base. |
| A salt consists of the positive ion (cation) of a _______ and the negative ion (anion) of an _______. | base acid |
| _______ compounds are generally complex molecules derived from or produced by living organisms and have carbon-hydrogen bonds | Organic |
| _______ compounds are generally more simple molecules derived from nonliving components, like metals, and have no carbon-hydrogen bonds. | Inorganic |
| Normal pH of blood | 7.35 to 7.45. (Usually the body maintains the pH of blood close to 7.40) |
| used to measure the basicity and acidity of a solution | pH |
| A solution with a pH lower than 7 | acids |
| A solution with a pH higher than 7 | bases |
| also called simple sugars, are the simplest forms of sugar and the most basic units (monomers) from which all carbohydrates are built. | Monosaccharide |
| a carbohydrate ( starch, cellulose, or glycogen) whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together. | polysaccharide |
| a group of polar lipids that consist of two fatty acids, a glycerol unit and a phosphate group which is esterified to an organic molecule (X) | phospholipids |
| Saturated fats | a type of dietary fat most often solid at room temperature lack double bonds between the individual carbon atoms |
| unsaturated fats | usually liquid at room temperature they contain one or more double bonds and fewer hydrogen atoms on their carbon chains |
| what are the two types of unsaturated fats? | monounsaturated polyunsaturated |
| What affects chemical reactions? | Concentration of reactants (pressure in case of gases) Temperature Presence of a catalyst |
| the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism. (double-stranded helix) | DNA |
| a copy, or a transcription, of DNA (single-stranded) | RNA |
| a clear to pale yellow watery fluid that is found in the body especially in the spaces between organs and the membranes which line or enclose them | Serous fluid |
| What determines solubility? | the balance of intermolecular forces between the solvent and solute, and the entropy change that accompanies the solvation. Factors such as temperature and pressure will alter this balance, thus changing the solubility. |
| occurs to reduce the change or output: the result of a reaction is reduced to bring the system back to a stable state. | Negative Feedback |
| occurs to increase the change or output: the result of a reaction is amplified to make it occur more quickly | Positive Feedback |
| What are the characteristics of life? | movement reproduction sensitivity nutrition excretion respiration growth |
| A state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly | Homeostasis |
| the region of the earth that encompasses all living organisms: plants, animals and bacteria | biosphere |
| a living thing that can function on its own. | organisms |
| ribosomes | assembles proteins |
| mitochondria | produces chemical energy |
| nuclei | stores genetic information |
| a sub-cellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell | organelles |
| the basic unit of structure and function in the body. | cells |
| a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit | tissues |
| a collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function | organs |
| a biological system consisting of a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions. | organ systems |
| a group of two or more atoms that bond together | molecules |
| the basic particles of the chemical elements | atoms |
| Particles that are smaller than the atom are called subatomic particles. | subatomic particles |
| The three main subatomic particles that form an atom are : | protons neutrons electrons |
| The center of the atom is called the ________. | nucleus |
| Define physiology | The study of how the human body works |
| Define Anatomy | The study of structure of a plant or animal |
| Levels of organization | subatomic particles atoms molecules organelles cells tissues organs organ system organisms and biosphere |
| a type of bond that occurs when two atoms share a pair of electrons with each other | non-polar covalent |
| occurs when atoms are shared unequally in a covalent bond. Specifically, when the difference in electronegativities of the two atoms in the bond is between 0.4 and 1.7. | polar covalent |
| anything that takes up space and can be weighed | Matter |
| Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons | isotopes |
| a particle like an atom that has lost or gained electrons. | ions |
| substances that have a natural positive or negative electrical charge when dissolved in water. They help your body regulate chemical reactions. | electrolytes |
| types of bonds | (strongest to weakest ) Ionic bond > Covalent bond > Hydrogen bond |
| the chemical reactions in the body's cells that change food into energy | Metabolism |
| Major elements of the human body | Oxygen hydrogen nitrogen carbon calcium phosphorus |
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