for an AP projection of the ankle, the central ray must enter the

ankle joint, midway between the malleoli

for an axial projection of the calcaneus, the ankle should be dorsiflexed so the plantar surface of the foot is

90 degrees from the plane of the IR

how far should the knee be flexed for the tangential projection (settegast method) of the patella when done in the prone position

as much as possible and until the patella is perpendicular

how is the pt placed for a lateral projection of the great toe and 2nd toe

recumbent, on the unaffected side

often, the leg is too long to fit on one IR. which joint should be included on the IR when the site of a lesion is known

the joint closest to the lesion

the central ray anle for an AP oblique projection of the knee is

variable, depending on the ASIS/tabletop distance

the essential projections ofthe calcaneus are

axial (plantodorsal) & lateral (mediolateral)

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Question	Answer
of these foot joints, which are synovial(freely movable)- femorotibial, patellofemoral, distal tibiofibular, proximal tibiofibular	distal tibiofibular
an avulsion fracture of the base of the 5th metatarsal is called	jones
for a lateral projection of the ankle, the central ray must enter the	medial malleolus
for a lateral projection of the foot, the central ray is directed to the	tibiotalar joint
for an AP projection of the foot in either medial or lateral rotation, the plantar surface of the foot should form an angle of	30 degrees
for an AP oblique projection of the knee, the limb is rotated	45 degrees
for an AP projection of the ankle, the central ray must enter the	ankle joint, midway between the malleoli
for an AP projection of the toes, the central ray is directed to the	3rd MTP joint
for an axial projection of the calcaneus, the ankle should be dorsiflexed so the plantar surface of the foot is	90 degrees from the plane of the IR
how far should the IR extend below the knee for a lateral projection of the femur	2 inches
how far should the IR extend beyond the ankle or knee joint for an AP projection of the leg	1.5 inches
how far should the knee be flexed for the tangential projection (settegast method) of the patella when done in the prone position	as much as possible and until the patella is perpendicular
how far should the pt be rolled posteriorly from lateral for a lateral projection of the hip that will include the proximal femur	10 - 15 degrees
how is the central ray directed for the PA axial projection (holmblad method) of the intercondylar fossa	perpendicular to the lower leg
how is the pt placed for a lateral projection of the great toe and 2nd toe	recumbent, on the unaffected side
how many bones are in the foot	26
how many bones make up the leg	2
how many degrees are the lower leg and foot rotated for the AP oblique projection of the toes in medial rotation	30 - 45 degrees
how many degrees of angulation are required to open the IP joint spaces of the toes on an AP projection	15 degrees
how many degrees should the limb be internally rotated for an AP projection of the femur	15 degrees
how many metatarsal bones are in the foot	5
how many phalanges are in the foot	14
how many phalanges are in the great toe	2
how amany tarsal bones are in the foot	7
how much is the knee flexed for a lateral projection of the patella	5 - 10 degrees
how much is the knee flexed for a lateral projection	45 degrees
how much is the knee joint flexed for the PA axial projection (holmblad method) of the intercondylar fossa	70 degrees
how much should the knee be flexed for a lateral projection of the knee	20 - 30 degrees
if a lateral projection of the femur will include the hip joint, where should the top of the IR be placed	ASIS
if the knee is angled 40 degrees for the PA axial intercondylar fossa (camp-coventry) projection, the central ray will be angled	40 degrees
in order to better demonstrate the TMT joint spaces of the foot, a posterior angulation of how many degrees is required	10 degrees
in order to place the patella parallel with the plane of the IR for a PA projection, the heel must be rotated	5 - 10 degrees laterally
often, the leg is too long to fit on one IR. which joint should be included on the IR when the site of a lesion is known	the joint closest to the lesion
on the anterior surface of the tibia is a prominent process called the	tibial tuberosity
on which aspect of the foot does the cuboid lie	lateral
posteriorly, the femoral condyles are separated by a deep depression called the	intercondylar fossa
the central ray for an AP oblique projection of the foot is	0 degrees
the central ray is directed to which for an AP or AP axial projection of the foot	base of the 3rd metatarsal
the central ray for a lateral projection of the ankle is	0 degrees
the central ray angle for an AP bilateral weight-bearing knee is	0 degrees
the central ray anle for an AP oblique projection of the knee is	variable, depending on the ASIS/tabletop distance
the central ray angulation for a lateral projection of the calcaneus is	0 degrees
the central angulation for a lateral projection of the knee is	5 - 7 degrees
the central ray angulation for an AP oblique projection of the ankle is	0 degrees
the central ray angulation for an AP oblique projection of the toes is	0 degrees
the central ray angulation for the AP ankle projection is	0 degrees
the circular fibrocartilage disks or pads that lie on the tibial plateaus are	menisci
the essential projections ofthe calcaneus are	axial (plantodorsal) & lateral (mediolateral)
the fibula articultes with the tibia at the	distal end & proximal end
the incomplete separation or avulsion of the tibial tuberosity is known as	osgood-schlatter disease
the inferior aspect of the foot is termed the	plantar surface
the knee is in the correct position for a lateral projection of the patella is the	epicondyles are superimposed & patella is perpendicular to the IR
the largest and strongest bone in the body is the	femur
the largest and strongest tarsal bone is the	calcaneus
the lower limb and its girdle comprise what body parts	foot, leg, thigh, hip
the medial & lateral oblique projections of the ankle requires the leg and foot to be rotated how many degrees	45 degrees
the most commonly performed oblique projection of the foot is the	AP oblique in medial rotation
the name of the small round bones located on the plantar surface of the foot, typically beneath the 1st MTP joint is the	sesamoids
the only ball-and-socket joint in the foot is the	talocalcaneonavicular
the preferred method of positioning the pt for the tangential projection (settegast method) of the patella is	prone
the proximal end of the tibia presents 2 prominent processes called the	condyles
the 2nd largest bone in the body is the	tibia
the 2nd largest tarsal bone, the one that occupies the highest position in the foot is the	talus
the superior portion if the calcaneus contains a groove called the calcaneal sulcus. the inferior portion of the talus contains a matching groove called the sulcus tali. collectively, these 2 sulci form the	sinus tarsi
the superior surface of the foot is termed the	dorsal surface
the talus articulates with how many bones	4
the tibial plateaus slope	posteriorly 10 - 20 degrees
the 2 flatlike superior surfaces of the tibia are called the	tibial plateaus
to demonstrate the ankle mortise, the leg and foot should be rotated medially how many degrees	15 - 20 degrees
to prevent lateral rotation, how should the foot be positioned for a lateral projection of the ankle	in dorsiflexion
valgus and varus deformation of the knee can be evaluated with what projection	AP bilateral weight-bearing
what is the central ray angle for a lateral projection of the patella	0 degrees
what is the central ray angle for a PA projection of the patella	0 degrees
what is the central ray angle for and AP projection of the femur	0 degrees
what is the central ray angle for an AP projection of the leg	0 degrees
what is the central ray angle for the axial (plantodorsal) projection of the calcaneus	40 degrees
what is the degree of angulation for the tangential projection of the patella (settegast method)	variable-depending on the degree of knee flexion
what is the pt position for a lateral projection of the 3rd, 4th, or 5th toes	lateral recumbent, on the unaffected side
what is the position of the femoral condyles when the leg is properly positioned for an AP projection	parallel to the IR
what type of joint is the ankle mortise	synovial - hinge
when the ASIS to tabletop measurement is between 19 & 24 cm, the central ray angle for an AP knee is	0 degrees
when the ASIS to tabletop measuement is greater than 24 cm, the central ray angle for an AP knee is	5 degrees cephalad
when the ASIS to tabletop measurement is less than 19 cm, the central ray angle for an AP knee is	5 degrees caudad
when the femur is vertical, the medial condyle is lower than the lateral condyle, how many degrees difference is there between the 2	5 - 7 degrees
when the knee is properly positiones for an AP projection, the patella will lie	slightly to the medial side
when the malleoli of the ankle are positioned parallel with the IR, the ankle is positioned for which projection	AP oblique, 15 - 20 degree medial rotation for the ankle mortise
where does the central ray enter for the knee for a lateral projection of the patella	thru the patellofemoral joint space
where is the central ray directed for a lateral projection of the calcaneus	1 inch distal to the medial malleolus
where is the central ray directed for an AP projection of the knees weight-bearing	.5 inches below the apices of the pattelae
where is the central ray directed for an AP projection of the knee	2 inches below the patellar apex
where is the central ray directed for the tangential projection (settegast method) of the patella	thru the patellofemoral joint space
where is the IR centered for an AP projection of the knee	1.5 inch below the patellar apex
where should the central ray be directed for a PA projection of the patella	midpopliteal area
where will the fibula be located on a properly positioned lateral radiograph of the ankle	over the posterior half of the tibia
which anatomical part must be identified on lateral x-rays of the knee in order to identify over-or-under rotation	adductor tubercle
which projection will clearly demonstrate the ankle mortise in profile	AP oblique 15 - 20 degree internal rotation
which lateral projection of the foot is the most commonly performed	mediolateral (lateral recumbent position
which leg angles are used for the PA axial intercondylar fossa (camp-coventry) projection; 30 degrees, 40 degrees, 50 degrees	40 & 50 degrees
which of the following are the essential oblique projections of the ankle; AP oblique 45 degree medial rotation, AP oblique 45 degree lateral rotation, AP oblique 15 - 20 degree medial rotation for ankle mortise	AP oblique 45 degree medial rotation & AP oblique 15 - 20 degree medial rotation for ankle mortise
which of the following bones does not bear body weight; tibia, fibula, navicular, calcaneus	fibula
which bones form the ankle mortise	lateral malleolus of the fibula, medial malleolus of the tibia, inferior surface of the tibia
which of the following is not clearly demonstrated on an AP projection of the ankle; tibiotalar, lateral malleoli, ankle mortise, tibiofibular overlapping	ankle mortise
which of the following is clearly demonstrated on an AP oblique projection of the knee in medial rotation; distal fibula, tibiotalar articulation, patellofemoral joint space, tibiofibular articulation	tibiofibular articulation
what is the essential projection of the lateral calcaneus	lateral (mediolateral)
which of the following is the essential method of demonstrating the patella in the tangential projection; merchant, settegast, hughston, kuchendorf	settegast
which of the following methods are used to demonstrate the intercondylar fossa; holmblad (PA axial), camp-coventry (PA axial), settegast (tangential)	holmblad PA axial & camp-coventry PA axial
which of the following must be rotated for all oblique projections of the ankle; pelvis, leg, foot	leg & foot
which of the following objects should be in x-ray room for x-rays of lower limb; anlge sponges, sandbags, pull straps	all of the above
which of the following positions can be used to demonstrate the intercondylar fossa using the holmblad method; standing (horizontal CR), kneeling (vertical CR), standing with the knee on the stool (vertical CR)	all of the above
which of the following positions can be used to perform the tangential projection (settegast method); seated, supine, prone	seated & prone
what projection of the knees best demonstrates the narrowing of a joint space	AP of both knees with weight-bearing
which of the following projections would benefit from the use of a compensating filter; AP toes, AP foot, axial calcaneus	AP foot & axial calcaneus
which of the following should be clearly demonstrated on a lateral projection of the leg; knee joint, ankle joint, entire femoral condyles	knee joint & ankle joint
what projection will clearly demonstrate the cuboid	AP oblique in medial rotation
which of the following will ensure that the knee is in proper position for a lateral projection; epicondyles perpendicular to IR, patella perpendicular to IR, leg flexed 20 - 30 degrees	all of the above
which position is the pt in for a PA projection of the patella	prone
which projection of the foot will show the cuboid in profile	AP oblique medial rotation
which projection will clearly demonstrate the joint spaces between the talus & both malleoli	AP oblique 45 degree internal rotation
which projections of the ankle are performed on a pt following an inversion or eversion injury	AP, lateral, & both obliques
which projections of the foot will best demonstrate the structual status of the longitudinal arch	lateral (lateromedial) weight-bearing
which specific projections of the ankle are performed to diagnose a tear of the medial or lateral ligament; AP eversion stress, AP inversion stress, AP oblique 15 - 20 degree medial rotation	AP eversion & AP inversion stress
which tarsal bones lies directly anterior to the talus	navicular
the hip bone is composed of which of the following; ilium, pubis, ischium	all of the above
the neck of the femur projects anteriorly at an approximate angle of	15 - 20 degrees
in order to accurately position the pt for hip x-rays, one must locate what 2 points on the pelvis	greater trochanter of the femur & ASIS
the ilia articulate with the sacrum psoteriorly at the	sacroiliac joint
how many degrees should the feet & lower limbs be internally rotated for AP pelvis	15 - 20 degrees
the CR for an AP pelvis is directed perpendicular to the center of IR at a point about	2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis
what is shown in profile of the lower limbs are in correct position for AP pelvis	greater trochanters
which of the following methods will demonstrate the femoral necks in the AP projection	modified Cleaves
for the AP oblique femoral necks (modified Cleaves method), the central ray is directed	0 degrees
how much should the thighs be abducted for AP oblique projection of the femoral necks (modified Cleaves method)	45 degrees
what plane should be positioned to the midline of the grid for an AP hip	a sagittal plane 2 inches medial to the ASIS
where should the IR be centered for an AP hip x-ray	at the level of the highest point of the greater trochanter
what method will demonstrate the hip in lateral projection	lauenstein, hickey
what method will demonstrate the hip in an axiolateral projection	Danelius-Miller
how is the CR directed for an axiolateral projection of the hip (Danelius-Miller)	perpendicular to the IR & perpendicular to the long axis of the femoral neck
how is the IR positioned for the axiolateral projection of the hip (Danelius-Miller)	parallel with the long axis of the femoral neck & its upper border in the crease above the iliac crest
the respiration phase for the axiolateral projection of the hip (Danelius-Miller) is	suspended respiration
what is the respiration phase for the AP projection of the pelvis	suspended respiration
which of the following rami are a part of the pubis; superior, inferior, ischial	superior & inferior
what IR size and what position is used for the AP projection of the hip	24 x 30 cm lengthwise
in the anatomical position, the femur is angled	10 degrees
the hip joint is a ___ joint	synovial ball-and-socket
how far should the heels be placed in order to internally rotate the lower limbs for an AP pelvis	8 - 10 inches
where is the IR centered for an AP pelvis	midway between the ASIS & publi symphysis
where is the CR directed for the AP oblique projection (modified Cleaves) of the femoral necks	1 inch superior to the pubic symphysis
which of the following describes the female pelvis; heavy bones, oval inlet, wide outlet	oval inlet & wide outlet
the SI joint is a ___ joint	synovial irregular-gliding
a malformation of the actebulum causing displacement of the femoral head is known as	congenital hip dysplasia
flattening of the femoral head due to a vascular interruption is known as	Legg-Calve-Perthes disease
what projection can be performed with one exposure is a compensating filter is used	axiolateral hip (Daneliu-Miller method)
the angle of the SI joint is ___ degrees relative to the MSP	25 - 30
the body is placed at what angle for the AP oblique projection (Judet method) of the acetabulum	45 degrees
how much is the CR angled for the AP oblique projection (Judet method) of the acetabulum	0 degrees
what is the CR entrance point for the AP oblique projection (Judet method) of the acetabulum	2 inches inferior to the ASIS
what structural joint group contains joints that are all freely movable	synovial joints
a club-shaped process on a bone is called a	malleolus
a decrease oin technical factors may be required for a pt who has; edema, emphysema, atelectasis, advanced carcinoma	emphysema
a fracture that does not break thru the skin is called	closed fracture
a hole in a bone for transmission of blood vessels & nerves is called a	foramen
a large, rounded elevated process on a bone is called a	tuberosity
a plane passing thru the body parallel with the MSP is termed	sagittal
a plane passing vertically thru the body from side to side is termed	coronal
a rounded process at an articular extremity is called a	condyle
a serious fracture in which the bones are not in anatomic alignment is called	displaced
a serious fracture in which the broken bone or bones project thru the skin is called	open fracture
a small, smooth-surfaced process for articulation of bones is called	facet
a term that means the same as anterior is	ventral
a tubelike passagewa running within a bone is called a	meatus
after birth, a separate bone begins to develop at the ends of long bones	epiphysis
an increase in technical factors may be required to penetrate a part on a pt who has; atrophy, emphysema, pleural effusion, degenerative arthritis	pleural effusion
any plane passing thru the body at right angles to its longitudinal axis is	horizontal
approximately what percentage of the population has a sthenic body habitus	50%
blood & body fluid recommendations are issued by the	CDC
bones are composed of an outer layer of compact bony tissue called the	compact bone
bones provide which of the following; protection of internal organs, production of red & white blood cells, attachment for skin & fat layers	protection of internal organs & production of red & white blood cells
collimation of the x-ray beam prompts which of the following; increase in rad contrast, reduced scatter & secondary radiation, reduced in radiation to pt	all of the above
each rad department must write age-specific competencies to meet the standards of the	JCAHO
for what body habitus will the diaphragm will be very high	hypersthenic
for what type of body habitus will the lungs be very short	hypersthenic
for what type of body habitus will thw stomach be the lowest	asthenic
forced or excessive extension of a limb or part is termed	hyperextension
gonad shielding is required when gonads lie within ___ cm of the x-ray field	5
how many regions is the abdomen divided into	9
how many saddle joints are there in the body	1
how many specific types of joints are contained within the structural classification of joints	11
how many specific types of synovial joints are there	6
if a bone is projected longer or shorter than it actually is on the image, it is known as	distortion
if the CR enters the anterior body durface and exits the posterior body surface, the x-ray projection is termed	AP
involuntary motion can be caused by which of the following; peristalsis, spasm, breathing	peristalsis & spasm
L4 & L5 are located at the level of the	superior aspect of the iliac crests
movement or positioning of the hand toward the radius or ulna is termed	deviation
the moderately visible area where the long bones fully ossify near the age of 21 is termed	epiphyseal line
near the center of all long bones is a specific opening in the periosteum called the	nutrient foramen
radiographer who are educated as "radiologist extenders" are known as	RAs & RPAs
x-rays of the hands, wrist, feet, & toes are routinely displayed on the illuminator with the digits	positioned toward the ceiling
recorded detail is primarily controlled by; mA, screens, focal spot size	screens & focal spot size
S1 & S2 are located at the level of the	ASIS
sesamoid bones are found; behind the knee, on the posterior elbow, on the palmer aspect of the thumb	behind the knee & on the palmer aspect of the thumb
some synovial joints contain a thick cushioning pad of fibrcartilage called the	meniscus
some synovial joints contain synovial-fluid sacs outside the main joint cavity called	bursae
study of the bones of the body is known as	osteology
T9 & T10 are located at the level of the	xiphoid process
the ability to visualize very small structures on an x-ray is termed	recorderd detail
the adult skeleton is composed of how many bones	206
the appendicular skeleton allows the body to move in various positions. how many bones does it contain	126
the jugular notch is located at the level of	T2-T3
the least occuring body habitus is the	hypersthenic
the longest lungs will be found in which type of body habitus	asthenic
the lungs will be a moderate length in which body habitus	sthenic
the metric conversion of 40 inches is	102 cm
the part of the bone where muscles, tendons, or ligaments are attached is called	a tuberosity
the phospors in computed radiography IRs are very sensitive to	scatter radiation
the piece of cartilage that separates the end of a developing long bone from the central shaft is called the	epiphyseal plate
the primary controlling factor of radiographic contrast is called	kVp
the red bone marrow produces; adipose cells, red blood cells, white blood cells	red & white blood cells
the small rounded elevated process on a bone is called	turbercle
the source of radiation in an x-ray tube (the anode) shall not be closer than	12 inches from the pt
the stomach is positioned the highest in which type of body habitus	hypersthenic
the study of articulations or joints is called	arthrology
the synndesmosis, suture, and gomphosis joints belong to which structural joint group	fibrous joints
the term that refers to a part on the opposite side of the body is	contralateral
the tissue lining the medullary cavity of bones is called the	endosteum
the total destruction of microorganisms is accomplished thru the use of	sterilization
the vertebra prominens is located at the level of the	C7-T1
voluntary motion resulting from lack of control can be caused by; fear, age (child), tremors	fear & age (child)
when a fractured bone is shattered into many pieces it is called	comminuted
when the fractured bone retains its normal alignment it is called	nondisplaced
which of the following devices are considered IRs; tv monitor, computed radiogrphy image plate, cassette with film	computed radiography image plate & cassette with film
which of the following is an x-ray position; mediolateral, craniocaudal, orbitoparietal, trendelenburg	trendelenburg
which of the following is an x-ray projection; tangential, lordotic, RAO, right lateral decubitus	tangential
which of the following lie in the pelvic cavity; kidneys, rectum, urinary bladder	rectum & urinary bladder
which of the following rad exams would give a female pt the highest gonad dose; limb, skull, pelvis, l-spine	l-spine
which would give a male the highest gonad dose; limb, skull, pelvis, l-spine	pelvis
which is used for x-ray projection & body position; axial, oblique, lateral	oblique, lateral
which is used to describe x-ray projections; AP, PA axial, supine	AP & PA axial
which is used to describe x-ray projections; AP oblique, transthoracic, lateromedial	all of the above
which term is pleural; calculi, labium, vertebra, bronchus	calculi
what specific type of joint allows multiaxial movement	ball-&-socket
what specific type of joint only permits flexion & extension	hinge
when a pt is properly positioned for a PA oblique of the chest, the CR will enter the body	midway between the lateral surface of the elevated side and the spine
where should the top of the IR be positioned for a PA oblique projection of the lungs	1.5 - 2 inches above the vertebral prominens
where should the top of the IR be positioned for a supine AP chest	1.5 - 2 inches above relaxed shoulders
where should the top of the IR be positioned for an AP oblique projection of the lungs	1.5 - 2 inches above the vertebral prominens or 5 inches above the jugular notch
which of the following are a part of the mediastinum; lungs, heart, esophagus	heart, esophagus
which of the following are advantages of using an SID of 72 inches for chest radiography; decreased mag of heart, sharp outlines of lings, greater penetration of mediastinum	decreased mag of heart, sharpe outlines of lungs
which of the following are required to produce a radiograph using a decubitus position; breathing technique, pt in recumbent position, horizontal beam	pt in recumbent position, horizontal beam
which of the following best describes the position of the thymus gland; in mediastinum, in anterior neck, behind heart, behind manubrium	behind manubrium
which of the following exposure techniques is reuiqred to penetrate all of the thoracic anatomy; low kVp, high kVp, short exposure time, long exposure time	high kVp
which of the following must be demonstrated on x-ray projections using decubitus position; entire lung fields, pt arms not visible in image, id to indicate which decubitus	all of the above
which of the following x-rays are usually taken on a pt who is suspected of having a small amount of free air in the pleural cavity; AP full inspiration, AP full expiration, AP R or L lateral decubitus	AP full inspiration, AP full expiration
which of the following should be clearly demonstrated on an AP or PA oblique projection of the lungs; both lungs entirety, R or L primary bronchi, the trachea filled with air	both lungs entirety, the trachea filled with air
which of the following will be observed on a supine AP chest radiograph; clavicles prijected higher, lung fields appear shorter, all 12 rubs are seen	clavicles projected higher, lung fields appear shorter
which of the following would not be included in the mediastinum; thymus, larynx, diaphragm	larynx, diaphragm
which side of the pt chest is placed against the vertical IR for a ventral or dorsal lateral projection	affected side
why is the left lateral chest position the most commonly used for lateral radiographs of the chest	pt heart is closer to the IR
a properly exposures abdominal radiograph will exhibit the; psoas muscles, lower border of the liver, transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae	all of the above
a specific radiographic exam for the biliary ducts is termed	cholangiography
how long should pt lie in left lateral position to demonstrate interperitoneal gas with acute abdomen	10 - 20 min
which of the following projections are typically done during a operative cholangiogram; AP, AP obilque RPO, AP oblique LPO	AP oblique RPO, AP oblique LPO
which spot x-rays are taken during an ERCP; pancreatic duct, hepatic ducts, common bile duct	pancreatic duct, common bile duct
for which of the following projections of the abdomen is the x-ray beam placed in the horizontal position; lateral, PA upright, AP laterl decubitus	PA upright, AP lateral decubitus
functions of the gallbladder include; storing bile, concentrating bile, storing cholecystokinin	storing bile, concentrating bile
if the pt cannot stand for an upright AP abdominal radiograph which position should be used	left lateral decubitus
one of the primary reasons a left lateral decubitus abdominal radiograph is performed is to demonstrate	air-fluid levels
the inner postion of the sac that covers the abdominal organs is termed	visceral peritoneum
the liver lies in the	upper right quadrant
the outer portion of the sac that lines the abdominopelvic cavity is termed the	parietal peritoneum
the CR angulation for an AP abdonimal radiograph is	0 degrees
the combining form cholangio(o)- means	bile ducts
the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct join as they enter a chamber known as the	hepatopancreatic ampulla
the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct join together to form the	common bile duct
the distal end of the common bile duct contains a sphincter that controls the bile entering into the duodenum & is termed the	choledochal sphincter
the folds of peritoeum that supports the abdominal organs are called the	omenta & mesentery
the hepatopancreatic ampulla is controlled by a circular muscle known as the	sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla
the largest gland in the body is the	liver
the most commonaly performed abdominal exam is referred to as a	KUB
the pancreas produces which of the following; insulin, glucagon, pancreatic juice	all of the above
the serous membrane that line the abdominopelvic walls is called the	peritoneum
the space between the 2 layers of peritoneum is called the	peritoneal cavity
the technical factors for an abdonimal radiograp should be set to produce	moderate contrast
the 2 main hepatic ducts join to form the	common hepatic duct
what is the radiologically important primary function of the liver	formation of bile
what is the respiration phase for all projections of the biliary tract	expiration
what is the respiration phase of an AP abdominal rdiograph done in the left lateral decubitus position	expiration
what is the respiration phase for an AP or PA abdominal radiograph done in the upright position	expiration
where is the center of the IR positioned for a lateral projection of the abdomen in the dorsal decubitus position	2 inches above the iliac crests
where is the center if the IR positioned for an upright PA abdominal radipgraph	2 inches above the iliac crests
where is the center of the IR positioned for an AP abdominal radiograph done in the left lateral decubitus position	iliac crests
where is the center of the IR positioned for an AP abdominal radiograph done in the upright position	2 inches above the iliac crests
which of the following are clearly shown on a lateral projection done in the dorsal decubitus position; prevertebral space, air-fluid levels, urinary bladder	prevertebral space, air-fluid levels
which of the following are prime considerations in producing an optimal radiograph of the abdomen; apply compression, explain breathing procedure, don't start exposure for 1 - 2 seconds after suspension of respiration	explain the breathing procedure, don't start exposure for 1 - 2 seconds after suspension of respiration
which of the following combining forms refers to the common bile duct; chole-, cholecysto-, cholangio-, choledolcho-	choledocho-
which of the following conveys blood to the liver; hepatic veins, hepatice artery, protal vein	hepatic artery, protal vein
which of the following describes the function of the spleen; produces glucagon, produces lymphocytes, stores & removes dead red blood cells	produces lymphocytes, stores & removes dead red blood cells
which plane is placed perpendicular to the long axis of the grid for a lateral projection of the abdomen	midsagittal plane
which of the following organs lie in the abdominal cavity; stomach, gallbladder, kidneys	all of the above
which of the following organs lie in the pelvic cavity; kidneys, rectum, unrinary bladder	rectum, unrinary bladder
a fracture of the distal radius with posterior displacemnet is known as a ___ fracture	Colle's
a fracture of the metacarpal neck is known as a ___ fracture	Boxer's
at the lateral (thumb) side of the hand the digit is called the	first digit
for a lateral projection of the hand the CR is directed to the	2nd digit MCP
for a lateral projection of the second thru 5th digits the CR is directed	0 degrees
for a lateral projection of the wrist the elbow must be flexed	90 degrees
for a PA oblique projection of the 1st digit (thumb) the hand os placed in the	prone position
for a transthoracic lateral projection of the proximal humerus the epicondyles should, unless containdicated, be positioned	perpendicular to the IR
for transthoracic lateral proximal humerus lung detail may be blurred using which technique; 3 sec, 5 sec, 7 sec, 10 sec	3 seconds
for transthoracic lateral proximal humerus, the proximal humerus should be projected	between the vertebral column & sterum
for exact positioning of the PA oblique wrist & to ensure duplication in follow-up exams which is required; 30 degree foam wedge, 45 degree foam wedge, 2 inch block, 3 inch block	45 degree foam wedge
for AP projection of the elbow, the hand is	supinated
for Ap projection of the elbow, the humeral epicondyles are	parallel to the IR
for AP projection of the forearm, the hand is	supinated
for the AP projection of the thumb, Lewis suggests angling the CR ___ degrees toward the wrist to free the sesmoids and soft tissue of the palm	10 - 15 degrees
for the lateral projection of the elbow the joint should be flexed	90 degrees
for the lateral projection of the forearm the elbow should be flexed	90 degrees
for the PA projection of the wrist is ulnar deviation the CR is directed to the	scaphoid
for the PA projection of the wrist in ulnar deviation the CR is angled	0 degrees
haw far above the humeral head should the upper margin of the IR be placed for a lateral projection of the humerus	1.5 inches
how far above the humeral head should the upper margin of the IR be placed for an AP humerus	1.5 inches
how is the hand positioned for the axiolateral projection of the elbow (Coyle method)	prone
how many degrees is the CR angled for the AP forearm	0 degrees
how many degrees is the hand rotated for a PA oblique projection of the digit	45
how many degrees should the elbow be angled for an AP oblique projection in lateral rotation	45 degrees
how many degrees should the elbow be abgled for an AP oblique projection in medial rotation	45 degrees
how many phalanges are in the hand	14
how many phalanges are there in the thumb	2
if a breathing technique cannot be used for the transthoracic lateral projection of the proximal humerus the exposure should be made using	full inspiration
if the pt is unable to extend the forearm for an AP projection of the elbow how many projections are necessary to avoid distortion of the joint	2
if the IR & wrist are placed flat on the table for a PA axial projection of the wrist (Stecher method) the CR must be angled	20 degrees
if the pt can be positioned properly the CR angle for the transthoracic lateral proximal humerus is	0 degrees
if the pt cannot elevate the unaffected shoulder for a transthoracic lateral proximal humerus the CR should be angled	10 - 15 degrees cephalad
rotating the arm medially for a lateral projection of the humerus will place the epicondyles	perpendicular with the plane of the IR
soft tissue radiographs of the elbow in the lateral position are often ordered to demonstrate	fat pads
the 10 joints of the upper limb are all; hinge, synovial tissue, freely moveable	synovial tissue, freely moveable
the arm is made up of which of the following bones; ulna, radius, humerus	humerus
the capitulum of the humerus articulates with the	radial head
the carpal bones articulate with the; radius, ulna, phalanges	radius
the central area of the long cylindrical shaft of the shaft of the radius, ulna, humerus is called	body
the CR for a PA projection of the wrist is directed to the	midcarpal area
the CR angle for a PA oblique projection of the wrist is	0 degrees
the CR angulation for both of the axiolateral projections (Coyle method) of the elbow is	45 degrees
the CR angulation for the PA axial projection of the wrist (Stecher method) is	0 degrees
the CR andulation for the PA projection of the hand is	0 degrees
the CR angulation for the tangential projection (inferosuperior) of demonstrating the carpal canal is	25 - 30 degrees
the 1st bone located on the proximal row & lateral side of the wrist is called the	scaphoid
the forearm consists of which of the following bones; ulna, radius, humerus	ulna, radius
the hand consists of how many bones	27
the head of the radius articulates on the medial side with the	radial notch
the IR must be elevated how many degrees for the PA axial projection of the wrist (Stecher method)	20 degrees
the lateral projection of the forearm should clearly demonstrate which of the following; elbow joint, radius & ulna, proximal row of carpal bones	all of the above
the most common IR size & # if images on the IR for radiographs of the digits are	8 x 10 inch, 1 image
the most common IR size & # of images on the IR for radiographs of the wrist are	8 x 10 inch, 2 images
the most common oblique projection of the 2nd thru 5th digits is	PA with lateral rotation
the most common position used for performing an AP humerus	standing
the only saddle joint in the human body is the	1st digit, carpometacarpal joint
the PA axial prjection of the wrist (Stecher method) clearly demonstrates the	scaphoid
the PA oblique projection of the wrist in lateral rotation requires a wrist angulation of	45 degrees
the palm of the hand is formed by	5 metacarpals
the pt position most commonly used to perform a radiograph of a finger (digit) is	standing at the end of the table
the psoterior fat pad lies in the	olecranon fossa
the primary structures shown when demonstrating the elbow using the Coyle method are the; coracoid process, coronoid process, radial head	coronoid process, radial head
the shallow depression located on the anterior side of the distal humerus receives which fo following when the elbow is flexed	coronoid fossa
the 3rd metacarpal of the hand articulates with the	capitate
to demonstrate the coronoid process in the axiolateral projection (Coyle method) the elbow is flexed	80 degrees
to demonstrate the radial head in the axiolateral projection of the elbow (Coyle method) the elbow is flexed	90 degrees
what is the CR angle for the AP elbow when the forearm is flexed	0 degrees
what position should the hand be placed for the AP projection of the humerus	supine
where is the CR directed for a lateral projection of the humerus	midpoint of the humerus
where is the CR directed for an AP projection of the humerus	midpoint of the humerus
where should the center of the IR be positioned for a transthoracic lateral projection of the proximal humerus	surgical neck
which fat pad lies parallel with the anterior aspect of the proximal radius	supinator
which fat pads are seen on a negative lateral elbow radiograph; anterior, posterior, supinator	anterior, supinator
which of the following are achieved when the transthoracic lateral projection of the proximal humerus is done on full inspiration increased contrast, decrease in exposure, wide latitude	increased contrast, decrease in exposure
which of the following are well demonstrated on a PA oblique projection of the wrist; capitate, trapezium, scaphoid	trapezium, scaphoid
how many and what bones make up the wrist	8 carpals
what breathing technique should be used for a lateral projection of the humerus	suspended respiration
what is the CR angle for the lateral projection of the wrist	0 degrees
what device is necessary to demonstrate the IP joints with a PA oblique projection of the hand	45 degree foam wedge
what is demonstrated free of superimposition on an AP oblique projection of the elbow in lateral rotation	radial head & neck
what is shown in profile on a lateral projection of the elbow	olecranon process
what is shown in profile on a lateral projection of the humerus	lesser tubercle
what is shown in profile on an AP projection of the humerus	greater tubercle
what is the best position to place the pt in for a transthoracic lateral proximal humerus	upright
which of the following is the largest carpal bone; capitate, hamate, scaphoid, triquetrum	capitate
what primary projection is used to demonstrate anterior or posterior displacemnet of fractures of the hand or wrist	lateral
what joints should be clearly demonstrated on the AP projection of the forearm	wrist & elbow
which of the following methods can be used to demonstrate the 1st CMC joint; Robert, Burman, Stecher	Robert, Burman
which of the following methods is used to demonstrate the carpal canal; Stcher (PA axial), Norgaard (AP oblique), Lawrence (inferosuperior axial), Gaynor-Hart (tangential)	Gaynor-Hart (tangential)
which of the following is used when the arm cannot be abducted for the standard AP or lateral projection of the humerus; Stecher, Lawrence, Norgaard, Gaynor-Hart	Lawrence
which of the following must be clearly demonstrated on a lateral projection of the humerus; glenoid cavity, elbow joint, shoulder joint	elbow, shoulder joints
which of the following must be clearly demonstrated on an AP projection of the humerus; elbow joint, glenoid cavity, shoulder joint	elbow joint, shoulder joint
which of the following objects would be necessary to perform an x-ray exam of the humerus; sandbag, 30 degree angle sponge, lead shield	sandbag, lead shield
which of the following would be neede to perform a PA oblique projection of a finger; 2 inch block, lead shield, 45 degree foam wedge	lead shield, 45 degree foam wedge
which passes thru the carpal tunnel	median nerve
what position can be used to perform a lateral projection of the humerus on a pt who has a suspected fracture	lateral recumbent
what position of the hand will place the epicondyles parallel with the plane of the IR	supine
which of the following projections clearly demonstrates the scaphoid; PA ulnar flexion, PA oblique in lateral rotation, PA axial (Stecher method)	all of the above
what projection of the elbow will demonstrate the olceranon process within the olecranon fossa	AP oblique medial rotation
what projection of the elbow will demonstrate the radial head & neck free of superimposition	AP oblique projection lateral rotation
which projection shows forshortening of the scaphoid	PA in ulnar flexion
what projection would be used to better demostrate the carpal interspaces	AP
which of the following should be in contact with the tabletop for a PA projection of the wrist; arm, axilla, forearm	all of the above
which of the following should be on the same plane for a lateral projection of the elbow; wrist joint, elbow joint, shoulder joint	elbow & shoulder joint
which of the following tangential projections is used to demonstrate the carpal canal; axial, inferosuperior, superoinferior	inferosuperior,superoinferior

Created by: reetherockgoddess

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