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PRCC Psyc

Chapter 5

QuestionAnswer
Process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of an individual's experience Learning
Process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses Conditioning
Explains how certain stimuli can trigger an autonomic response Classical Conditioning (Respondent Conditioning)
Explains how we acquire new, voluntary actions Operant conditioning (Instrumental Conditioning)
How we acquire new behaviors by observing the actions of others Observational Learning
Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning and Observational Learning are 3 types of _____ Learning
Russian physiologist who first described the basic process of conditioning now called classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov
Awarded Nobel Prize for his work on the role of saliva in digestion Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov placed food on dogs' tongues to elicit salivation. True
Classical conditioning is a process of learning an association between two stimuli. True
Classical conditioning involved pairing a neutral stimulus with a learned, unnatural stimulus that automatically elicits a reflexive response. False. It involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unlearned, natural stimulus.
The NATURAL stimulus that reflexively produces a response without prior learning is call the Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
The UNLEARNED, reflexive response that is elicited by an UNCONDITIONED stimulus is call the Unconditioned response (UCR)
The originally NEUTRAL stimulus that comes to elicit a reflexive response is called Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
The LEARNED, reflexive response to a previously NEUTRAL stimulus is the Conditioned Response (CR)
The UNCONDITIONED response and athe CONDITIONED response are the same behavior in response to the same stimuli. False. It's the same behavior but in response to DIFFERENT stimuli.
Frequency does NOT affect conditioning False. Frequency DOES affect conditioning
Timing DOES affect conditioning True.
Generalization DOES affect conditioning True.
Discrimination does NOT affect conditioning False. Discrimination DOES affect conditioning
Extinction DOES affect conditioning True.
Spontaneous Recovery DOES NOT affect conditioning False. Spontaneous Recovery DOES affect conditioning
The more ________ the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are paired, the STRONGER is the association between the two Frequently.
The timing of stimulus presentations affects the strength of the conditioned response. True
Conditioning is most effective when the conditioned stimulus is presented immediately after the unconditioned stimulus False. It's most effectie when the conditioned stimulus is presented immediately BEFORE the UNCONDITIONED stimulus
Conditioning is most effective when the UNCONDITIONED stimulus is presented immediately BEFORE the UNCONDITIONED stimulus False. CONDITIONED stimulus is presented immediately BEFORE the UNCONDITIONED stimulus.
Stimulus generalization occurs when stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus elicit the conditioned response, even though they have never been paired with the unconditioned stimulus (different bell type sounds) True.
The optimal time interval between conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus is one-half second. True.
Stimulus ______ occurs when a particular conditioned response is made to one specific stimulus but not to other similar stimuli. Stimulus Discrimination
Stimulus ________ occurs when stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus elicit the conditioned response Stimulus Generalization
Stimulus ________ is most effective when the conditioned stimulus is presented immediately before the unconditioned stimulus Stimulus Timing
Stimulus _______ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus Stimulus Extinction
Extinction is the gradual weakening and apparent disappearance of the conditioned response True
Stimulus _______ is the reappearance of a previously etinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus Stimulus Spontaneous Recovery
John Watson was an American psychologist True
John Watson founded a new approach in psychology called ________ Behaviorism
John Watson emphasized the __________ Scientific study of behavior
John Watson rejected the methods of Introspection and study of consciousness
John Watson believed that virtually all human behavior is the result of ________ Past experience and environmental influences
Behaviorism dominated psychology in the Uniited States for less than 50 years. False. Behaviorism dominated psychology in the US for MORE than 50 years.
Watson identified 3 emotions that he believed were innate UNCONDITIONED reflexes. Name them. Fear, Rage, and Love
Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated classical conditioning can be used to deliberately establish a CONDITIONED EMOTIONAL response in a human subject True.
Fear, Rage and Love are conditioned reflexes False. They are UNCONDITIONED
Banging a steel bar behind someone is an example of what type stimulus? Unconditioned stimulus
Responding to something with fear is an example of what type RESPONSE? Unconditioned response
Traditional behavioral perspective holds that classical conditioning results from a simple association of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. True
Comtenporary learning researchers acknowledge the importance of BOTH mental factors AND evolutionary influences in classical conditioning. True
PHYSICAL characteristics AND NATURAL BEHAVIOR patterns of any speciies have been shaped by EVOLUTION to maximize adaptation to the environment is based on __________ Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection
Tradidional behaviorists generalized that learning applied to ALL animal species and ALL learning situations True.
A classically conditioned intense dislike for and avoidance of a particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating the food is called A taste aversion
Tast aversions violate 2 basic principles of classical conditioning 1) the conditioning does not require repeated pairings 2)the time span between the two stimuli can be several hours...not seconds
Operant conditioning deals with the learning of ACTIVE, VOLUNTARY behaviors that are shaped and maintained by their consequences True
Operant Conditioning deals with the learning of INACTIVE, INVOLUNTARY behaviors that are shaped and maintained by their consequences. False. ACTIVE, VOLUNTARY behaviors
The first psychologist to systematically investigate animal behavior and how voluntary behaviors are influenced by their consequences Edward Thorndike
_______ placed cats in "puzzle boxes" that allowed escape by some simple act. Through trial and error, the cats learned to unlatch the puzzle box door and escape Edward Thorndike
Who formulated the law of effect: Responses followed by a "satisfying state of affairs" are strenghtened and more apt to occur again in the SAME situation. Responses followed by unpleasantness are weakened and less likely to occur again Edward Thorndike
______ believed psychology should restrict itself to studying ONLY phenomena that could be objectively measured and verified (outwardly observable behavior and environmental events) B.F. Skinner
To Skinner, the most important form of learning was demonstrated by new behaviors that were actively emmited by the organism True
Who coined the term operant to describe any "active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences" B F Skinner
Operant conditioning is sometimes known as Skinnerian conditioning
Operant conditioning explains learning as a process in which behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences True
Reinforcement is not a key element in Skinner's S-R theory False. It is a key element
A reinforcer is anything that strengthens (increases) the desired response True
Created by: beckyrigsby
 

 



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