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Intro to Disorders
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychological Disorder | a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior |
| Medical Model | the modern idea that mental health problems are medical problems that can be treated |
| Evidence-based Practice | the integration of research evidence, clinical expertise, and client preferences and values in making informed decisions about treatment and interventions in mental health care, to ensure the effectiveness and appropriateness of interventions. |
| Deinstitutionalization | the movement towards discharging individuals from psychiatric institutions and using community-based treatment and support services, aimed at reducing reliance on long-term institutionalization and promoting integration into society. |
| Dorthea Dix | an American advocate for mental health reform in the 19th century, known for her efforts to improve conditions for individuals with mental illness and establish humane treatment facilities and asylums. |
| DSM-5 | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychology Association |
| David Rosenhan's Labeling Research | psychologist who pretended to hear voices in order to study damaging effects of giving someone a diagnosis because knowing someone has a disorder can affect the way you see that person |
| Diagnosis | The process of identifying and labeling a disorder based on its symptoms and signs. |
| Diathesis-Stress Model | view that people who are biologically predisposed to a mental disorder (those with certain diathesis) are more likely to exhibit that disorder when strongly affected by stress |
| Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) | |
| Adverse Childhood Experiences | Traumatic events occurring before age 18 such as abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction that can have negative, lasting effects on health and well-being |
| Mood Disorders / Depressive Disorders | category of disorders marked disruptions in emotions. These include bipolar disorder, cyclothymia, hypomania, major depressive disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, persistent depressive disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder |
| Major Depressive Disorder | symptoms include fatigue, feelings of guilt, excessive sleep or insomnia |
| Persistent Depressive Disorder (aka dysthymia) | a long-term form of depression with symptoms that last for at least two years |
| Bipolar Disorder | symptoms of this disorder include mania and depression |
| Bipolar I | disorder is characterized by a pattern of manic episodes that last at least a week, alternating with episodes lasting at least two weeks |
| Bipolar II | disorder is characterized by a pattern of depressive episodes with some hypomanic episodes, but no full-blown manic episodes |
| Mania | the part of bipolar disorder with racing thoughts and lack of concern for consequences |
| Rumination | a pattern of repetitive and intrusive thoughts or worries about past events, failures, or negative experiences, often accompanied by excessive self-criticism or analysis, which can exacerbate symptoms of depression or anxiety. |
| Pessimistic Explanatory Style | when you have a tendency toward depression because you interpret situations/events as permanent, pervasive, personal, and/or uncontrollable |
| Optimistic Explanatory Style | when you have a tendency toward healthy thinking because you interpret situations/events as temporary, local, not personal, and/or controllable |
| Psychotherapy | any type of talk therapy |
| Cognitive Therapy | therapy that focuses on changing thought processes |
| Albert Ellis's Rational-emotive behavior therapy | very confrontational type of cognitive therapy |
| Aaron Beck's Cognitive Therapy | type of therapy that attempts to change your thought processes through gentle questioning techniques |
| Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy | therapy that focus on changing thought processes and realizing how behavior choices affect your emotional state |
| Consciousness | awareness of yourself and your environment |
| Ernest Hilgard | American psychologist known for research on hypnosis, pain perception, and the development of the neodissociation theory of hypnosis, which posits that hypnosis involves a split in consciousness between the executive control system and hidden observer. |
| Executive Control System | set of higher-order cognitive functions that allow people to manage their behavior and regulate their thoughts and actions to achieve goals |
| Hidden Observer | theory by Ernest Hilgard that during hypnosis a separate consciousness is formed in an individual's mind which is capable of observing the individual |
| Hypnosis | a trance-like state of focused attention, concentration, and suggestibility induced by a trained therapist, often used in therapy to facilitate relaxation, increase receptivity to suggestions, and explore subconscious thoughts and memories. |
| Posthypnotic Suggestion | a suggestion or instruction given to an individual during hypnosis that influences their thoughts, feelings, or behaviors after they emerge from the hypnotic state, often used to promote therapeutic changes or behaviors |
| Dissociation | a mental process involving a disruption or detachment from one's thoughts, feelings, memories, or identity, often as a defense mechanism against overwhelming stress, trauma, or psychological distress. |
| Circadian Rhythms | the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle |
| REM Sleep/*Paradoxical | the dream stage of sleep |
| NREM stage 3 sleep | the stage of sleep when your muscles are repaired and you grow |
| Sleep Paralysis | normally occurs during REM sleep so you don't act out your dreams; can last into waking so then it is a condition in which a sleeper is unable to move any of the voluntary muscles, except those controlling the eyes |
| hypnagogic sensations | Sensations experienced during the transition from wakefulness to sleep, including hallucinations, muscle jerks, and sensations of falling. |
| delta waves | The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep. |
| Consolidation Theory | The theory that sleep helps strengthen the neural connections that form our memories. |
| Suprachiasmatic Nucleus | a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm; in response to light, it causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness |
| pineal gland | secretes melatonin to help us sleep at night; controlled by the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus |
| Melatonin | a hormone that your pineal gland produces in response to darkness; helps with the timing of your circadian rhythms (24-hour internal clock) and with sleep |
| Sleep deprivation psychosis | experiencing an altered perception of reality caused by a prolonged lack of sleep |
| microsleep | a very short period of sleeping that occurs while the person is apparently awake; occurs after 3 or 4 sleepless days |
| Insomnia | sleep disorder where you can't sleep |
| Jet Lag | A temporary sleep disorder that occurs when a person's internal body clock is out of sync with the time zone they are in. |
| Narcolepsy | sleep disorder where you fall asleep at inappropriate times |
| REM sleep behavior disorder | when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; individuals who suffer from this have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams |
| Somnambulism | A disorder in which a person walks or performs other complex behaviors while asleep. |
| Sleep Apnea | sleep disorder where you stop breathing |
| Sigmund Freud | an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, known for his theories of the unconscious mind, psychosexual development, defense mechanisms, and the therapeutic techniques of free association and dream analysis. |
| Dream Interpretation | A psychoanalytic/Freudian technique involving the interpretation of dreams to uncover unconscious thoughts and desires. |
| Manifest Content | the obvious storyline of your dream (according to Freud) |
| Latent Content | the hidden symbolic meaning of your dream (according to Freud) |
| Activation Synthesis Hypothesis | dream theory that says your brain cells are firing and your brain turns it into a story |
| REM rebound | if you don't get enough REM one night, you'll spend more time in REM during the next sleep session |
| Psychoactive Drug | A chemical substance that can pass through the blood-brain barrier and affect neurotransmission and thus alter perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior |
| Blood-brain barrier | a layer of capillaries that stops most chemicals in the blood from getting into the brain |
| Tolerance | when you've taken a drug so often that you need more of a drug to achieve the same effect |
| Addiction | when you mentally and/or physically need a drug to function |
| Withdrawal | symptoms that occur when someone stops or reduces of use of a psychoactive drug that has been taken repeatedly for period of time |
| Depressants | drugs that slow down the sympathetic nervous system, disrupt memory processing, reduce self-awareness, relieve anxiety, and lower inhibitions |
| Barbiturates | a class of depressant drugs that are chemically derived from barbituric acid; used medically as hypnotics, anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, sedatives, and anesthetics |
| Opiates | drugs that relieve pain and produce feelings of euphoria for the user by mimicking endorphins; example is heroin |
| Stimulants | drugs that speed up body functions, increase heart rate, and breathing and are all at least mildly addicting; examples are Caffeine, Amphetamines, Nicotine, and Cocaine |
| Hallucinogens | drugs that create euphoria, feelings of detachment, and distort perceptions. They are known to evoke vivid images in the absence of sensory input |
| Hallucinations | sensory experiences without sensory stimulation |
| Marijuana | psychoactive drug produced by the Cannabis sativa plant; classified as a stimulant, depressant, hallucinogen and a narcotic, as it affects pleasure, memory, thought, concentration, sensory and time perception, and coordinated movement and other processes |
| THC | the active ingredient in marijuana |
| Dissociative Disorders | disorders that deal with a disruption in state of consciousness |
| Dissociative Identity Disorder (previously multiple personality) | when someone has multiple consciousnesses that take over |
| Dissociative Amnesia | disorder involving loss of memory (not caused by physical reasons) |
| Walter Canon's Flight or Fight Response | body's fast stress response system that is activated through the sympathetic nervous system |
| Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) | the three stages a person goes through with any stressful situation |
| Alarm reaction stage | first stage of GAS; fight or flight response |
| Resistance stage | second stage of GAS; body tries to reduce the amount of cortisol produced |
| Exhaustion stage | third stage of GAS; body has depleted its energy resources |
| Psychoneuroimmunology | the study of how the brain, nervous system, and the immune system impact each other |
| hypertension | sometimes a physiological Illnesses (literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness) involving high blood pressure |
| headaches | sometimes a physiological Illnesses (literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness) involving head pain |
| immune suppression | During extended periods of stress, energy is mobilized away from the immune system, making a vulnerable to catching viral or bacterial infections |
| Eustress | positive stress that motivates you |
| Distress | negative, overwhelming stress that harms you |
| Lymphocytes | white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system |
| Stress-related vulnerability | During extended periods of stress, energy is mobilized away from the immune system, making a vulnerable to catching viral or bacterial infections |
| Coronary Heart Disease | a clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle (often caused by long-term high levels of cortisol) |
| Cortisol | body's primary stress hormone; released by adrenal glands when the body is threatened, injured, or under stress |
| type A personality | this type of person may be ambitious, competitive, and aggressive and experience more stress in life |
| type B personality | this type of person may be patient, flexible, and laid-back and experience less stress in life |
| Health Psychology | study of how patients handle illness, the most effective ways to control pain or change poor health habits, develop health care strategies that foster emotional and physical well-being |
| Wellness | A holistic approach to health that encompasses physical, mental, and social well-being |
| Tend and Befriend Response | a stress response pattern observed primarily in women, involving nurturing behaviors (tending) and seeking social support and connection (befriending) in response to stressors, which may promote resilience and well-being. |
| Coping / cope | the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral efforts to manage, reduce, or tolerate stressors, challenges, or adverse circumstances, in order to adapt and maintain psychological well-being. |
| Emotion-Focused Coping | stress management strategies that attempt to reduce negative emotional responses associated with stress; sometimes the only realistic option when the source of stress is outside the person's control |
| Problem-Focused Coping | coping strategies aim to change or eliminate a stressor |
| Personal Control | the belief in one's ability to influence or control the outcomes of one's actions and experiences, which can have significant effects on motivation, coping strategies, and well-being. |
| Learned Helplessness | a psychological phenomenon in which individuals become passive and resigned and feel a sense of powerlessness due to repeated experiences of failure or lack of control. |
| Internal Locus of Control | the perception that, to a great extent, you control your own destiny |
| External Locus of Control | the perception that your fate is determined by forces outside your personal control like fate or destiny or society |
| Self-control | also known as self-regulation, the ability to manage, restrain, or override impulses, desires, or behaviors in order to achieve long-term goals or adhere to societal norms and standards. |
| Mindfulness Meditation | paying attention to the present moment, with openness, curiosity, and acceptance, often through techniques such as focused breathing or body scanning, which can reduce stress, enhance self-awareness, and promote emotional regulation |
| Social Support | relationships with others lead to better physical and mental health |
| Aerobic Exercise | getting physical movement at 60-70% of maximum oxygen consumption for 20-30 minutes, 5 days a week leads to better mental health |
| Biofeedback | getting feedback from sensors on your heart rate and blood pressure teaches you to decrease these |
| Faith factor | Regular religious attendance has been a reliable predictor of a longer life span with a reduced risk of dying. |
| Gratitude | the feeling or expression of appreciation, thankfulness, or recognition for the positive aspects of one's life, experiences, or relationships, which has been linked to greater happiness, resilience, and well-being. |
| Therapeutic lifestyle change | Aerobic Exercise, Adequate Sleep, Light Exposure, Social Connection, Proper Nutrition, and Faith lead to increased physical and mental health |
| Martin Seligman's Positive Psychology | a branch of psychology that focuses on the study of positive emotions, strengths, virtues, and factors that contribute to human flourishing, resilience, and subjective well-being. |
| Subjective Well-being | an individual's overall evaluation and perception of their life satisfaction, happiness, and fulfillment, based on subjective judgments and experiences of positive and negative emotions. |
| Resilience | the capacity to adapt, bounce back, and recover from adversity, trauma, or significant life challenges, often characterized by the ability to maintain psychological well-being and functioning in the face of stressors. |
| Values in Action Virtue Categories | wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, transcendence |
| wisdom | a virtue category of values in action; includes character strengths of creativity, curiosity, judgment, love of learning, and perspective |
| courage | a virtue category of values in action; includes character strengths of bravery, honesty, perseverance, and zest |
| humanity | a virtue category of values in action; includes character strengths of kindness, love, and social intelligence |
| justice | a virtue category of values in action; includes character strengths of fairness, leadership, and teamwork |
| temperance | a virtue category of values in action; includes character strengths of forgiveness, humility, prudence, and self-regulation |
| transcendence | a virtue category of values in action; includes character strengths of appreciation of beauty and excellence, gratitude, hope, humor, and spirituality |
Created by:
lcurty100