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Module 1 Biology Ana
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cells-characteristic of life | everything Is made up of one |
| complex-characteristic of life | the levels of organization |
| homeostasis-characteristic of life | keeps conditions stable, internal balance |
| respond to stimuli-characteristic of life | anything that triggers a behavioral change |
| grow/develop-characteristic of life | gain mass-growth change function-develop |
| metabolism-characteristic of life | chemical reactions at anytime |
| reproduce-characteristic of life | has to be as a species |
| life process to stay alive-digestion | breaking down food |
| life process to stay alive-respiration | breathing |
| life process to stay alive-circulation | blood moving in body |
| life process to stay alive-excretion | eliminate waste |
| organ system to stay alive-integumentary | hair,skiin,nails |
| organ system to stay alive-skeletal | bones function |
| organ system to stay alive-muscular | in control of joints |
| organ system to stay alive-nervous | nerves, most complex system, helps you move and regulates homeostasis |
| anatomy= | structure |
| physiology= | function. structure determines function!!! |
| levels of organization smallest to big | chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism (all interdependent) |
| Explain Homeostasis | Normal range around setpoint |
| negative feedback homeostasis | opposes stimulus, restores homeostasis, ex?Body temp/BP |
| positive feedback homeostasis | enhances stimulus, extreme response. ex:blood clotting/labor |
| Connective Tissue | connects things/fills spaces |
| Epithelial tissue | covers the surface |
| Muscle tissue | responsible for contracting |
| nervous tissue | responsible for communication |
| ionic bonds | electrons transferred ex:salt |
| covalent bonds | electrons shared |
| polar | unequal sharing |
| non polar | equal sharing (hydrogen) |
| What is pH? | amount of hydrogen in a solution |
| blood pH? | 7.35-7.45 |
| what elements are organic compounds? | hydrogen, carbon, oxygen |
| organic compound-carbs (monosaccharides) (glucose) | simplest sugar |
| organic compound-carbs (disaccharides) (sucrose) | formed when two monosaccharides join |
| organic compound-carbs (polysaccharides) (starch) | number of sugar molecules bonded together |
| organic compound- lipids- | very important for the cell membrane, cholesterol, glycolipid, phospholipid |
| organic compound-proteins | ex:enzymes-catalysis. decreases activation energy needed. increases speed of reaction |
| ATP (energy) | adenosine Triphosphate |
| Nucleic Acids | DNA- double stranded, deoxyribose(sugar) A:T G;C. RNA-ribose(sugar), single stranded. A:U. G:C |
| what hold water molecule together | polar covalent bonds |
| effector organs | a bodily structure becoming active in response to stimulation |
| control center | receives and processes information from the receptor |
| receptor | detects the change in homeostasis |
| set point | targeted value to be maintained in homeostasis |
| histology | study of cells |
| bodys 11 organ systems | integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive |
| Why is positive feedback helpful in blood clotting but unsuitable for regulating body temperature? | Positive feed back is important in processes that must go to completion quickly, for instance blood clotting. But it is harmful in situations in which stable conditions must be maintained, for instance body temperature, this is |
| Using the table as a reference, describe how falling down a flight of stairs could affect at least six of the organ systems | Compound fracture affects the skeletal system (bone) and integumentary system (skin), and muscular system (bone tearing through muscle), the cardiovascular system (blood loss), the lymphatic system (defending against infection), and nervous system (pain) |
| major organs skeletal system | bones and ligaments |
| major organs nervous system | brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs |
| How would a nervous system disorder affect the muscular system? | When the neurons become unhealthy or die, communication between the nervous system and muscles breaks down. As a result, muscles weaken and waste away (atrophy). |
| major organs endocrine system | - Pituitary gland - Pineal gland - Hypothalamus - Thyroid gland - Parathyroid gland - Adrenal glands Pancreas - Ovaries (female) - Testes (male) |
| major cardiovascular system organs | - Heart - Blood Vessels - Arteries - Veins - Capillaries |
| Identify and locate the major organs of each major organ system (Lymphatic System) | - Lymph nodes - Lymphatic Vessels - Tonsils - Thymus - Sleen |
| Identify and locate the major organs of each major organ system (Respiratory System) | - Nose - Pharynx - Larynx - Trachea - Bronchi - Lungs |
| Identify and locate the major organs of each major organ system (Digestive System) | - Mouth - Pharynx - Esophagus - Stomach - Small Intestine - Large Intestine - Rectum - Anal Canal teeth togue pacreas liver |
| urinary main organs | - Kidneys - Ureters - Urinary bladder - Urethra |
| reproductive main organs | - Testes -urethra - Accessory gland: Prostate - Supporting Structures: Genitalia - Gonads: Ovaries - Accessory Organs; Uterus, uterine (fallopian) tubes, vagina - Supporting structures: Genitalia (vulva) mammary glands (breasts) |
| low hydrogen ion concentration= | high PH, base |
| high hydrogen ion concentration= | low ph, acid |
| how to maintain pH? | buffers (change sit for a better outcome, lungs, kidneys |
| nucleus contains | protons and neutrons |
| atom | basic unit of chemical element |
| atoms are the building blocks of all | matter |
| Describe the subatomic particle not in the nucleus. | Electrons, which are negatively-charged, are located outside of the nucleu |
| trace elements | minerals present in living tissues in small amounts |
| List the chemical symbols of the six most abundant elements in the human body and their total percentage contribution to total body weight | D) O, C, H, N, Ca, and P. They account for 99.3% of total body weight. |
| octet rule | the atoms like to have eight electrons only in their full outer shells. |
| why the atoms of inert elements do not react with one another or combine with atoms of other elements. | Atoms of inert elements are nonreactive because the outermost electron shell (valence shell) contains the maximum number of electrons possible. |
| how do cations and anions form | by losing and gaining electron(s) respectively to attain the nearest noble gas configuration or stability |
| How many electrons are shared by the oxygen atoms in the oxygen molecule? | 2 valence |
| Describe the kind of bonds that hold the atoms in a water molecule together | polar covalent |
| By what means are water molecules attracted to each other | hydrogen bonds |
| Explain why small insects can walk on the surface of a pond and why tears protect the surface of the eye from dust particles | The attraction of water molecules creates a surface tension barrier that prevents small objects from penetrating the water. |
| Describe how cells are chemical factories | designs, imports, synthesizes, uses, exports and degrades a variety of chemicals (in the case of cell, these include lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates). |
| Compare and contrast the terms work, energy, potential energy, and kinetic energy | Energy is the capacity to do work. Potential energy is energy based on position, whereas kinetic energy is energy based on motion. |
| Compare the role of water in hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions | Dehydration synthesis is essentially the opposite of hydrolysis. Dehydration is when you start off with 2 monomers and hydrolysis is when you start of with a polymer and water. |
| dentify and describe three types of chemical reactions important in human physiology | decomposition reactions,synthesis and exchange reactions.decomposition reactionachemicalreaction breaks a molecule into smaller synthesis reaction assembles smaller molecules into larger.In an exchange reaction,the reacting molecules produce new products. |
| what is an enzyme and why do our cells need them | proteins that help speed up chemical reactions in our bodies. Enzymes are essential for digestion, liver function and much more. |
| What is an important by-product of exergonic reactions? | heat |
| Explain the differences between metabolites and nutrients | nutrition is the process of nutrient acquisition from the environment, metabolism is the coordinated process of transforming nutrients into substrates. |
| Predict how water plays a role as a lubricant, reactant, coolant, and solvent during exercise. | Lubricant in joints, coolant in sweat, solvent in breaking down energy reserves (glycogen) |
| Explain how the ionic compound sodium chloride dissolves in water. | Water molecules pull the sodium and chloride ions apart, breaking the ionic bond that held them together |
| electrolytes | A substance that breaks up into ions (particles with electrical charges) when it is dissolved in water or body fluids |
| Distinguish between hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules. | hydrophobic materials are 'water-fearing', and do not mix with water, whereas hydrophilic materials are 'water-loving' and have a tendency to be wetted by water. |
| define pH | A measure of how acidic or basic a substance or solution is. |
| A hydrogen ion is the same as what subatomic particle? | proton |
| Explain the differences among an acid, a base, and a salt. | acid-water solution tastes sour, blue turns red, neutralizes base.base-aqueous solution tastes bitter, turns red blue, neutralizes acids salt-neutral substance whose aqueous solution does not affect litmus |
| What is the relationship between buffers and pH in physiological systems? | they shield the pH from rising or falling too quickly. |
| List the elements that make up organic compounds. | CHON |
| What is the most important function of carbohydrates | supply energy to all cells in the body |
| List the three structural classes of carbohydrates, and give an example of each. | monosaccharides (simple sugar), disaccharides (glucose), and polysaccharides (starches). |
| Predict the reactants and the type of chemical reaction involved when muscle cells make and store glycogen. | Muscle cells make (synthesize) glycogen by linking numerous glucose molecules via a series of dehydration synthesis reactions |
| Describe lipids in terms of their elemental composition and solubility in water. | Lipids are fatty, waxy, or oily compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in polar solvents such as water. |
| examples of lipids | fats and oils(triglycerides) |
| Describe the structures of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. | Fatty Acids: Saturated fatty acids have hydrocarbon chains connected by single bonds only. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds |
| In the hydrolysis of a triglyceride, what are the reactants and the products? | reactants-triglycerides and water. products-trycerdis and three units of fatty acid and one unit of glycerol |
| functions of lipids | help with moving and storing energy, absorbing vitamins and making hormones. |
| Describe the structure and role of prostaglandins. | lipid autacoids derived from arachidonic acid. They both sustain homeostatic functions and mediate pathogenic mechanisms, including the inflammatory response. |
| Why is cholesterol necessary in the body? | build the structure of cell membranes. make hormones |
| Describe the orientations of phospholipids and glycolipids when they form a micelle | The phospholipids are on the inside, and the glycolipids form the surface of the micelle. |
| What do cholesterol, phospholipids, and glycolipids have in common? | They are all structural lipids that form membranes of cells. |
| describe proteins | biopolymeric structures composed of amino acids, |
| What kind of bond forms during the dehydration synthesis of two amino acids, and which functional groups are involved? | peptide |
| Why does boiling a protein affect its functional properties | the protein frequently becomes insoluble—i.e., it is denatured—and remains insoluble even when the solution is cooled. |
| What are the reactants in an enzymatic reaction called? | substrates |
| Relate an enzyme’s structure to its reaction specificity. | he three-dimensional structure of the active site of an enzyme allows the enzyme to bind easily to specific substrates only. |
| Compare AMP with ADP | AMP has one phosphate group, ADP has two, |
| What are the products of ATP hydrolysis? | ADP (Adenosine diphosphate), Pi (inorganic phosphate) and energy. |
| Describe and identify the two classes of nucleic acids. | DNA and RNA are the two major classes of nucleic acids. the differ on the state of their sugar component; DNA has a hydrogen bonded to carbon on its sugar/ RNA has a OH (hydroxyl) bonded to carbon on it's sugar. |
| Explain how the complementary strands of DNA are held together | hydrogen bonds between pairs of bases: adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine. |
| Compare and contrast the nucleotides of DNA and RNA | the nucleotides in RNA are ribonucleotides—that is, they contain the sugar ribose (hence the name ribonucleic acid) rather than deoxyribose |
Created by:
cwehner125