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HA CH. 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which statement is true regarding lymphocyte specificity? Genetic rearrangement in the DNA that codes for antigen receptors results in up to 10 trillion permutations in the variable regions of B- and T lymphocyte-receptors. There is a different gene for every possible antigen that a lymphocyte may encounter. B- and T cell-receptors are identical and both recognize up to 500 antigens corresponding to the gene segments that code for the antigen receptor variable regions. | Genetic rearrangement in the DNA that codes for antigen receptors results in up to 10 trillion permutations in the variable regions of B- and T lymphocyte-receptors. |
| A naive B lymphocyte has receptors bound to its surface that ________. are all specific for the same antigen have a variable region that is different to the variable regions of B cell-receptors embedded in other naive B lymphocytes is one of up to 10 trillion possible protein configurations due to genetic rearrangement will have the same variable region as the antibodies that will be secreted following a challenge by the corresponding antigen All | All of the choices are true statements concerning B lymphocyte-receptors. |
| B cell-receptors are similar to T cell-receptors in that ________. both receptors are similar in size both receptors have a variable and a constant region both receptors can be secreted in response to antigen both receptors are comprised of four polypeptide chains All of the choices reflect similarities between B cell- and T cell-receptors. | both receptors have a variable and a constant region |
| The importance of clonal deletion is that ________. lymphocytes with receptors that recognize self markers are eliminated to preserve immune tolerance worn-out lymphocytes are destroyed to make way for new cells lymphocytes that have been activated during antigen exposure are then removed when the individual recovers clones of cells that have the same receptor are deleted to avoid redundancy | lymphocytes with receptors that recognize self markers are eliminated to preserve immune tolerance |
| Gamma-delta T cells differ from other T cells in that ________. they can be directly activated by PAMPs, whereas other T cells have to be presented with the antigen in conjunction with an MHC molecule on an antigen-presenting cell they do not have T cell-receptors to bind to antigens they do not produce memory cells, unlike the T helper and T cytotoxic cells they can react against cancer cells, whereas the other T cells can only target bacteria and viral-infected cells | they can be directly activated by PAMPs, whereas other T cells have to be presented with the antigen in conjunction with an MHC molecule on an antigen-presenting cell |
| Herd immunity involves _______. maintaining a certain level of immunized individuals in a society to prevent a pathogen from circulating through the population keeping bovine diseases to a minimum so they do not spread to the human population encouraging individuals to work and live in close proximity to each other to prevent spread of a disease outside of a population maintaining a 100% vaccination rate among farm workers to prevent the spread of zoonotic diseases | maintaining a certain level of immunized individuals in a society to prevent a pathogen from circulating through the population |
| What are the risks to society when herd immunity is not maintained? Decreasing antibody titers in individuals require booster shots which restricts the number of available vaccines. Cattle become increasingly more susceptible to dangerous pathogens, which can spread to humans. Dangerous pathogens can reemerge and outbreaks of diseases may develop. There are no risks to society when herd immunity is not maintained; it is a precautionary measure only. | Dangerous pathogens can reemerge and outbreaks of diseases may develop. |
| When a large percentage of a population is vaccinated against an infection, the causative microbe is unable to spread easily through that population. Because of this, susceptible individuals who cannot be vaccinated are protected to some extent by the community around them. This phenomenon is known as ________. herd immunity passive immunization subunit vaccination adjuvant protection | herd immunity |
| A foreign molecule that causes an adaptive immune response is a(n) ________. PAMP marker hapten antibody antigen | antigen |
| Adaptive immunity involves the response of ________. skin barriers B and T lymphocytes lysozyme mucous membranes interferon | B and T lymphocytes |
| The progeny cells of a B-cell clone are called ________. antibodies sensitized T cells activated macrophages plasma cells bursa cells | plasma cells |
| What type of cells secrete antibodies? B cells Cytotoxic T cells Plasma cells Helper T cells Antigen-presenting cells | Plasma cells |
| Small foreign molecules that are too small by themselves to elicit an immune response are termed ________. epitope hapten antigen binding site variable region None of the choices are correct. | hapten |
| Superantigens are ________. body tissues that the immune system mistakes as foreign cell markers found in some member of a species but not in other members bacterial toxins that activate T cells at a 100 times greater rate than other antigens those that evoke allergic reactions None of the choices are correct. | bacterial toxins that activate T cells at a 100 times greater rate than other antigens |
| Antigens that elicit allergic reactions are called ________. superantigens heterophilic antigens allergens autoantigens None of the choices are correct. | allergens |
| Which process involves a more rapid synthesis and greatly increased titer of antibody when the immune system is subsequently exposed to the same antigen? Neutralization Opsonization Complement fixation Agglutination Memory response | Memory response |
| The immunoglobulin class that has a dimer form found in mucus, saliva, colostrum, and other body secretions is ________. IgA IgD IgE IgG IgM | IgA |
| The immunoglobulin class that is the only one capable of crossing the placenta is ________. IgA IgD IgE IgG IgM | IgG |
| ________ is the most abundant class of antibodies in serum. IgG IgM IgA IgD IgE | IgG |
| What process provides many B cells and T cells that are activated against specific antigens? Antigen expression Antibody production Clonal expansion Antigen presentation Opsonization | Clonal expansion |
| Which lymphocytes lack specificity for antigen and are cells that attack cancer cells and virus-infected cells? Helper T cells Suppressor T cells Cytotoxic T cells Delayed hypersensitivity T cells Natural killer (NK) cells | Natural killer (NK) cells |
| The benefit of adaptive immunity is the production of _______ that provide long-lasting protection. antibodies plasma cells T helper cells memory cells phagocytotic cells | memory cells |
| An example of artificial passive immunity would be ________. chickenpox infection followed by lifelong immunity chickenpox vaccine which triggers extended immunity to chickenpox giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease a fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta None of the choices are correct. | giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease |
| An example of natural passive immunity would be ________. chickenpox infection followed by lifelong immunity chickenpox vaccine which triggers extended immunity to chickenpox giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease a fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta None of the choices are correct. | a fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta |
| An example of artificial active immunity would be ________. chickenpox infection followed by lifelong immunity chickenpox vaccine which triggers extended immunity to chickenpox giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease a fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta None of the choices are correct. | Chickenpox vaccine which triggers extended immunity to chickenpox |
| An example of natural active immunity would be ________. chickenpox infection followed by lifelong immunity chickenpox vaccine, which triggers extended immunity to chickenpox giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease a fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta None of the choices are correct. | chickenpox infection followed by lifelong immunity |
| Immunotherapy is the ________. use of antitoxins use of immune serum globulin conferring of passive immunity administering of preformed antibodies All of the choices are correct. | All of the choices are correct. |
| Killed or inactivated vaccines are prepared by ________. removal of virulence genes from the microbe treatment with formalin, heat, or radiation passage of the pathogen through unnatural hosts or tissue culture long-term subculturing of the microbe All of the choices are correct. | treatment with formalin, heat, or radiation |
| The first stage of developing an adaptive immune response involves ________. the presentation of antigens lymphocyte development and differentiation the challenge of B or T cells by antigens the production of antibodies | lymphocyte development and differentiation |
| The most significant cells in graft rejection are ________. helper T cells suppressor T cells cytotoxic T cells delayed hypersensitivity T cells natural killer (NK) cells | cytotoxic T cells |
| Live, attenuated vaccines ________. include the Sabin polio vaccine include the measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (MMR) contain viable microbes that can multiply in the person require smaller doses and fewer boosters compared to inactivated vaccines All of the choices are correct. | All of the choices are correct. |
| Which of the statements below represents the correct order in the development of an immune response? Development and clonal deletion; antigen presentation; lymphocyte challenge; lymphocyte response Antigen presentation; development and clonal deletion; lymphocyte challenge; lymphocyte response Lymphocyte challenge; antigen presentation; development and clonal deletion; lymphocyte response Development and clonal deletion; lymphocyte challenge; antigen presentation; lymphocyte response | Development and clonal deletion; antigen presentation; lymphocyte challenge; lymphocyte response |
| Which of the following statements is false regarding the development of adaptive immunity? The fourth stage of adaptive immunity involves the production of antibodies by B and T cells against the antigen that initiated the response. The second stage in the development of adaptive immunity requires the antigen to be presented to the T cells. The initiation of adaptive immunity involves the development of lymphocytes with the deletion of cells that would react to self molecules. | The fourth stage of adaptive immunity involves the production of antibodies by B and T cells against the antigen that initiated the response. |
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nursingmvc25