Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
SPD 632 Summer I
Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is inter-rater reliability (IRR) or inter-observer agreement (IOA)? | The monitoring of the consistency with which the DV and IV are being measured during a study. |
| How is IRR typically collected? | 2 trained observers independently record the behaviors of interest at the same time using the same measurement system. |
| What are 3 reasons for collecting IRR? | 1. To estimate how consistent data recorders are when collecting data during the experiment. 2. Estimating IRR can be used as a training standard for new data recorders. 3. To avoid observer drift. |
| What is observer drift? | When the original definitions used by observers shift during the course of a study. |
| In a thesis, where should IRR be reported? | At the end of a Method section and titled, "Inter-rater reliability." |
| What is the most common type of IRR calculation? | Occurrence/Nonoccurrence |
| Why is Occurrence/Nonoccurrence agreement the most commonly used IRR method? | It is the most rigorous method. |
| What is the formula for Total Agreement | S/L X 100% where S=smaller total and L=larger total |
| What is the formula for Interval Agreement | A/A + D x 100% where A=agreements and D=disagreements |
| What is the formula for Occurrence/Nonoccurrence Agreement? | A/A + D x 100% where A=agreements and D=disagreements. You also calculate occurrences and nonoccurrences of the target behavior. |
| When reporting IRR, what precentage is an acceptable score? | 80% is an acceptable score |
| What percentage of observations need to have an IRR score? | 20% of observations need to have an IRR score. |
| "Quantifying properties of responding for analysis is a benchmark characteristic of behavior analysis" What does this mean? | We need observable, measurable behavior of the individual as our primary subject matter. Repeated measures allows us to be very intimate with responding. |
| What are the seven benefits of direct measures of behavior? | 1. The falliability of human memory 2. It provides an unambiguous way of communicating experimental results to others 3. It provides for exploring patterns of events 4. Provides a permanent product from observing in the moment 5. Increases accurrate repor |
| What are the 6 types of behavioral dimensions that can be quantified for measurement? | Frequency, Duration, Latency, Interrrsponse Time (IRT), Celeration, & Rate |
| What is frequency? | Number of occurrences |
| What is duration? | The amount of time that elapses from the onset of a response to the offset of a response. |
| What is Latency? | The amount of time from the onset of a stimulus and the occurrence of a response. |
| What is interresponse time (IRR)? | The time that elapses between the occurrence of two instances of a single response. |
| Celeration | The quantification of the change in frequency of a response over time. The frequency of responding for a particular time unit divided by unit time. |
| Rate | Number of responses per time unit |
| Why is celeration particularly useful in an educational setting? | Celeration demonstrates fluency. Fluency is accurate and fast responding. |
| Why is selecting more than one dimension of behavior to study a wise tactic? | If you study more than one dimension, you are more quickly able to identify the function of behaviors. Measuring more than one DV can be good b/c it can shoe more interesting data. |
| What are the 3 components of measurement? | 1. Choosing dimensional qualities 2. Using recording systems to document behavior and stimuli 3. Conducting integrity checks-Especially important when people are collecting data. |
| What are the 2 best methods of deciding which stimuli and responses to include in your recording system? | 1. Identifying relevant events comes from previous experiments on similar topics 2. Repeatedly observe the situations you want to study and take notes about what occurs. |
| What is event recording? | Individual occurrences of a response or stimulus during an observational period. Each time behavior occurs, the instance is recorded. Good for discrete behaviors with brief durations. |
| Permanent Product Recording | Events of interests are recorded at the end of a period. Works best with behaviors that have a discrete outcome or remains after event and can be recorded as %'s. Grading papers. |
| What is Duration? | The amount of time that elapses between the onset of an event and the end of the same event. Is the most direct measure. |
| What is Latency? | The time between the onset of a stimulus and the subsequnt onset of a target response. |
| What is partial-interval recording? | If an event of interest is observed to occur at any time within a specific time interval, the interval is scored as an occurrence of the response. It can overstate the occurrence of the behavior (disadvantage) |
| What is whole-interval recording? | The event of interest has to occur throughout the entire interval to be scored as an occurrence. It can underestimate the occurrence of behavior (disadvantage). |
| What is time sampling/momentary interval recording? | Observations only occur for a subset of an interval. Usually partial interval recording during "record" moments, but whole-interval recording can also be used. |
| When using partial-interval recording, how can you increase the accurracy of your recording? | The smaller the interval, the more accurrate the estimate the occurrence. |
| What are the advantages/disadvantages of conducting research in natural settings vs. laboratory settings? | Natural settings are where behavior is expected to occur, A-more covenant, more external validity D-extraneous variables, less internal validity. Analog is controlled setting A-controlled variables |
| What is the most common source of errors in observational data? | Observer Errors |
| How do you train observers/how long do you train observers? What is observer recalibration? | The observer must memorize the observational codes and definition of behaviors, must learn recording system and practices. Training should continue until 85% IOA is reached. Observer recalibration is periodic training to avoid observer drift. |
| What is magnitude? | Magnitude is the size or extent of the slope. A high mignitude slope is a rapidly increasing or decreasing pattern. A low magnitude slope is a gradually increasing or decreasing pattern. |
| How can you tell if a graph shows no effect? | If there is a continuous trend across phases. |
| What is visual analysis and what does it entail? | Visual analysis is a systematic form of examination. The purpose is to interpret graphically displayed data. It entails visual inspection of graphed data for variability, level, and trend within and between experimental conditions. |
| What are the two main questions to ask when conducting a visual analysis? | Visual analysis of graphed data attempts to answer two questions: (a) did a socially meaningful change in behavior take place, and (b) if so, can the behavior change be attributed to the independent variable. |
| What is the general rule regarding the number of data points needed in a condition? What are exceptions to this rule? | The more measurements of the dependent variable per unit of time and the longer the period of time in which measurement occurred, the more confidence we can have in the data path’s estimation of the true course of behavior change. SIB is an exception. |
| What is variability? What does it indicate? | Variability is how often and the extent to which multiple measures of behavior yield different outcomes. A high degree of variability in a condition usually means the researcher has little control of factors influencing behavior. |
| How does variability affect the number of data point needed? | The greater the variability within a condition, the greater the number of data points necessary to establish a predictable pattern of performance |
| What is level? | Level is the value on the vertical axis scale around which a set of behavioral measures converge. |
| How is level examined? | It is examined within a condition in terms of its absolute value (mean, median, range) on the y-axis scale, the degree of stability or variability, and the extent of change from one level to another. |
| What is trend? | Trend is the overall direction taken by a data path. Described in terms of direction , degree (gradual or steep), and the extent of variability of data points around the trend. Used in predicting measures of the behavior. |
| What’s a trend line? | The direction and degree can be visually be represented by a straight line drawn through the data called a trend line. |
| In order to determine if there was an immediate effect of changing the IV, what should you look at? | You examine the difference between the last data point before the condition change line and the first data point in the new condition. |
| What does data overlap between conditions mean? | When many data points in adjacent conditions overlap one another on the vertical axis, less confidence can be placed in the effect of the independent variable associated with the change in behavior |
Created by:
mcrosby08