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PHEM 200
lesson 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| - created in Babylonia about 4000 years ago - 1st recorded set of laws in human history | Code of Hammurabi |
| ethical standard for practicing physicians - new physician requires swearing to healing gods to uphold ethical standards | Hippocratic Oath |
| Greek physician 1500 years later, he also the "Father of Medicine" | Hippocrates |
| The Hippocratic Oath includes what ethical principles? | confidentiality, beneficence, and nonmaleficence |
| Emphasized Hippocratic tradition - adding institutional considerations to the focus on patient’s welfare. | PERCIVAL’S CODE OF MEDICAL ETHICS |
| He published a document describing the qualifications and duties of medical professionals in 1803; coining the terms “medical ethics” and “jurisprudence”. | Thomas Percival |
| Patients could be enrolled in experiments without their knowledge, denying patients the right to informed consent, statements, beliefs, or practices that are claimed to be scientific but contradicted with the scientific method. | Pseudoscience (pseudo - false; scientia -knowledge) |
| ________s medicine was paternalistic profession | 1930 |
| Imperial Japan and Nazi Germany performed brutal experiments on prisoners and civilians. | During the WW2 |
| The prisoners were killed in gas chambers and field testing by dropping bombs on cities in China to see whether they could start plague outbreaks. | Unit 731 or The Ishii Company |
| Physician under Adolf Hitler performed deadly human experiments on prisoners and twins. | Dr. Josef Mengele (Angel of Death) |
| After the WW2, efforts were done to promote safe and exercise freedom in medical research and signaled the beginning of modern ethics. | NUREMBERG CODE |
| Inclusions under the NUREMBERG CODE | - voluntary consent, - fruitful result for the good of society - no physical or mental suffering - no harmful complications - the degree of risk should never exceed the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved |
| The study of ethical issues arising from advances in biology and medicine. It examines moral dilemmas related to topics like genetic engineering, euthanasia, organ transplantation, and medical research. | Bioethics |
| The moral foundation of modern biomedical ethics is based on: | - Autonomy - Beneficence - Nonmaleficence - Justice - Confidentiality - Veracity - Role of fidelity |
| ___________ analyze the ethical implications of these practices, considering principles such as autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. | Bioethicists (They aim to establish guidelines for responsible conduct in healthcare, balancing the pursuit of scientific progress with respect for human dignity and rights.) |
| ____________ promotes informed decision-making and fosters ethical awareness within medical and scientific communities. | Bioethics |
| - focuses on the “good” or “right” - what should be done in a particular situation | Morality |
| It is the differentiation of intentions, decisions and actions between those that are distinguished as proper and those that are improper. | Morality |
| ___________ can be a body of standards or principles derived from a code of conduct from a particular philosophy, religion or culture, or from a standard that a person believes should be universal. | Morality |
| - sometimes called moral philosophy - practices concerned with distinction between right and wrong. - why a particular course of action is the right one | Ethics |
| It refers to the rules that a social system provides us with. | Ethics |
| It is our own moral principles. | Morals |
| - a code of ethics as applied to questions concerning a particular profession. - What kind of person should I be to fulfill my obligations as a professional? | Professional Ethics |
| It concerns one's conduct of behavior and practice when carrying out professional work, e.g., consulting, researching, teaching and writing. | Professional Ethics |
| Professional Ethics must take into accounts: | - Relations between professionals and clients - Relation between profession and society - Relations among professionals - Relations between employee and employer - Specialized technical details of the profession |
| - also called health ethics/health care ethics - the study and analysis of moral issues as applied to the fields of medical treatment and research. | Medical Ethics |
| - action as morally right if its outcomes or consequences are good for the greatest number of the population. - “greatest good for the greatest number | UTILITARIANISM (Utilitarianism is not very relevant in considerations of autonomy and consent because it is generally applied to large numbers of persons.) |
| A theory of morality that advocates actions that foster happiness or pleasure and oppose actions that cause unhappiness or harm. | UTILITARIANISM |
| - It considers the way things are done rather than focusing just on the outcomes. - You judge action by deciding it is an obligation. - It state that an act is not good morally can lead to something good. | DEONTOLOGY |
| ______________ is a category of normative ethical theories that encompasses any theory which is primarily concerned with adherence to certain rules or duties. | Deontology |
| An ethical theory in which consequences do NOT matter! Intention is relevant. I am acting a certain way only if I act for the right reason. | Deontology by Immanuel Kant |
| It focuses on the nature of actions rather than their consequences. The philosophy emphasizes the importance of individuals following their established moral rules, duties or principles, regardless of the outcomes. | Deontology ( For example, If lying is considered morally wrong, then lying would always be considered the wrong action regardless of context.) |
| The ethics that examines the morality of actions based on their potential consequences. It focuses on maximising happiness or minimising suffering for all parties involved. | UTILITARIANISM ( Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill; For example, If lying in a specific situation would result in making a group happy, the utilitarian theory would argue that lying may be a justifiable course of action.) |
| A positive trait or characteristic that is considered morally good. It focuses on the moral character of individuals. The theory emphasises the development of these traits and values as a means to determine the right and wrong courses of action. | VIRTUE ETHICS (Aristotle; For example, in a situation on whether to lying once again, lying goes against acting honestly and honesty is a virtuous character trait.) |
| - Self -rule - Refers to the right of all persons to make rational decisions free from external pressures. - Must be respected even if HCP doesn’t agree with the patient’s decision | AUTONOMY |
| Principle: Honor the patients right to make their own decision. | AUTONOMY |
| - Refers to all persons being treated equally or receiving equal benefits according to their needs. - Fairness, equality and impartiality | JUSTICE |
| Individuals have the right to be treated regardless of physical, race, ethnicity, religion, social and financial. | Distributive justice |
| Rights to access in all goods or services provided in society regardless of social status. | Social justice |
| Principle: To be fair and treat each case alike. | JUSTICE |
| - Truthfulness - Telling the truth to someone who has the right to know the truth. - HCP urges not to lie | VERACITY |
| - Privacy and respecting someone’s wishes (fidelity) - HCP shouldn’t share personal health details unless allowed or necessary | CONFIDENTIALITY |
| Principle: Respect the patients’ privacy and be honest in dealing with them | CONFIDENTIALITY |
| Define as formal manners and rules followed in social or professional settings. | Etiquette |
| 5 Types of Etiquette | 1.Workplace etiquette 2.Table and meal etiquette 3.meeting etiquette 4.communication etiquette 5.professionalism |
| - one’s principal activity and means of support. - line of work | Occupation |
| - requires specialized knowledge and training. - Professionals have more authority and responsibility than nonprofessionals and adhere to a code of ethics. | Profession |
| _________________ refers to anyone who earns their living from performing an activity that requires certain level of education, skill, or training. | Professionals |
| How does a professional attain a standard of competency? | Through licensure exams |
| - conduct and administer licensure examination - regulate and supervise the practice of professions. | Professional Regulation Commission |
| How often does the PRC supervise the examinations for Radiologic Technology? | In Radiologic Technology, exam are conducted once a year. |
| In the Hippocratic Oath, who were the Gods mentioned? | “I swear by Apollo the physician, and Aesculapius the surgeon, likewise Hygeia and Panacea, and call all the gods and goddesses to witness, that I will observe and keep this underwritten oath, to the utmost of my power and judgment..." |
| act of doing good to others (charity, mercy, kindness) | BENEFICENCE |
| Refers to the fact that all acts must be meant to attain a good result or to be beneficial. | BENEFICENCE |
| “prevent harm“ | BENEFICENCE |
| Principle: We must take positive steps to prevent harm. | BENEFICENCE |
| doing no harm or inflicting the least harm possible to reach a beneficial outcome. | NONMALEFICENCE |
| Obligation not to harm others | NONMALEFICENCE |
| Latin phrase that means "first, do no harm" | Primum non nocere |
| Principle: do no harm | NONMALEFICENCE |
| Achieved through passive omission | NONMALEFICENCE |
| Achieved through active process | BENEFICENCE |
| Primary responsibility of the healthcare provider | NONMALEFICENCE |
| Secondary in importance to nonmaleficence | BENEFICENCE |
| A ______________ requires a degree or completed studies at a university or other institution of higher education. It involves extensive training and special knowledge. | PROFESSION |
| Examples of this include accountant, architect, doctor, engineer, lawyer, teacher. You need a degree to work in these areas. | PROFESSION |
| An ________________ is the job you are paid to do. It is the way you earn a living. Think of it as the activity that occupies your time and from which you receive money for doing it. | OCCUPATION |
| NUREMBURG CODE (based on pic) | - Voluntary informed consent - Likelihood of some good resulting - Based on prior research (animal models) - No physical/psychological injury/harm- Benefits > risks- Proper experience of researcher - Right to withdraw consent- Stop research if harm occurs |
Created by:
yulyae