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Industrialization
Immigration, and Urbanization
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Second Industrial Revolution | period in the late-19th and early 20th centuries of rapid innovation and growth of industries |
| Thomas Edison | invented light bulb, founded laboratory that made many other inventions |
| Alexander Graham Bell | invented the telephone |
| standard of living | overall level of wealth, comfort, and material wellbeing of a society |
| entrepreneur | individual who creates a business, assuming the financial risks in the hope of making profits |
| capital | money invested in a business |
| free enterprise | system where enterprises (businesses) operate without government interference or regulation |
| laissez-faire | theory that government should not interfere with the economy other than to protect private property |
| Transcontinental Railroad | connected the Eastern US to Western US |
| land grants | land given to railroad companies by the government, which was then sold to raise capital |
| robber barons | wealthy businessman accused of being corrupt and exploitative |
| Credit Mobilier scandal | construction company created by railroad stockholders bribed members of Congress for more land grants |
| corporation | an organization owned by multiple individuals, but legally recognized as though it were a single person |
| economies of scale | producing large quantities of goods quickly reduces cost |
| monopoly | one corporation (or even one person) controls the entire industry |
| Andrew Carnegie | poor Scottish immigrant who monopolized the steel industry |
| Gospel of Wealth | philosophy of Carnegie that wealthy industrialists like himself had an obligation to engage in philanthropy |
| John D. Rockefeller | monopolized the oil industry with Standard Oil |
| holding companies | companies that don’t produce anything, but manage companies that do |
| investment bankers | specialized in selling other companies stock |
| J.P. Morgan | the most successful investment banker of the Industrial Revolution |
| department store | changed the way consumers shopped by bringing together a wide array of different products |
| union | organized group of workers who collectively negotiate with employers for better wages and working conditions |
| Pinkerton Detective Agency | organization employed by industrialists to undermine unions |
| lockouts | strategy used by industrialists of locking workers on strike out of work site |
| Great Railroad Strike | over 2/3rds of railroad strikers stopped working to protest their wages being cut |
| Knights of Labor | union blamed for the Haymarket Riots |
| Haymarket Riot | violent clash between protestors for 8-hour work day and Chicago police resulting in injuries and death on both sides |
| closed shop | business in which membership in the union is a requirement for employment |
| push factors | factors motivating people to leave their home |
| pull factors | factors motivating people to immigrate to another country |
| Ellis Island | main immigration processing center for millions of European immigrants to the US (New York City) |
| nativism | hostility towards immigrants from native-born people |
| tenement | multifamily apartment, often in poor condition |
| political machine | informal organization linked to a political party that controlled local government, ran by party bosses |
| Gilded Age | term used to criticize the "phoniness" of the Industrial Revolution, particularly the extreme social inequality |
| individualism | belief that everyone is solely responsible for their own wellbeing, and that anyone can succeed no matter how humble their origins |
| Social Darwinism | belief in the application of natural selection to human society ("survival of the fittest") |
| settlement houses | housing for poor immigrants, often founded by middle-class women |
| Americanization | public schools emphasized English language and American culture and history |
| Patronage/spoils system | practice of granting political favors or appointments to supporters in exchange for their support, often times financial |
| populism | belief in representing the interests of ordinary people over those of the elite |
| poll tax | tax on voting, targeted towards African-Americans in the South |
| Ida B. Wells | activist who opposed lynching, cofounded NAACP |
| Plessy v. Fergusson | established the 'separate but equal' doctrine |
| Booker T. Washington | believed African-Americans should focus on self-improvement over fighting for civil rights |
| W.E.B Dubois | fought for civil rights for African-Americans, co-founded the NAACP |
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