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GRAMMAR SCHOOL
CAE
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| considered according to individual circumstances rather than applying a general rule; individually, specifically | case-by-case basis |
| using exactly the same words without any changes; verbatim, literally | word for word |
| next to each other, perhaps with the purpose of enabling comparison; adjacent, alongside | side by side |
| happening regularly as part of a normal routine; everyday, routine | day-to-day usage |
| the vocabulary that you need to talk about language and the structures of language; linguistic terminology, language about language | metalanguage |
| adjectives that can be modified with adverbs like very or a bit; comparative, modifiable | gradable adjectives |
| adjectives that are modified with absolutely and cannot be compared; absolute, non-comparative | ungradable adjectives |
| nouns that can have a singular and a plural form; numerable, quantifiable | countable nouns |
| nouns that only have singular forms; mass nouns, non-quantifiable | uncountable nouns |
| verbs that can be used in both simple and continuous forms, indicating actions; dynamic verbs, doing verbs | action verbs |
| verbs nearly always used only in simple forms, describing feelings, mental states, or permanent conditions; stative verbs, being verbs | state verbs |
| verb forms that indicate actions that are repeated, completed, or permanent states; basic forms, non-continuous forms | simple forms |
| verb forms that refer to actions that are seen as temporary, long, or in progress; progressive forms, ongoing forms | continuous forms |
| verb forms that indicate connections between actions at different times; perfective aspect, completed actions | perfect forms |
| verbs that equate the subject to the noun or adjective phrase that follows the verb; linking verbs, equative verbs | copular verbs |
| verbs that require an object; object-taking verbs, direct verbs | transitive verbs |
| verbs that cannot take an object; non-object verbs, indirect verbs | intransitive verbs |
| constructions where the subject receives an action, rather than performs it; passive voice, agentless constructions | passives |
| verbs that combine with prepositions or adverbs to create a new meaning; multi-word verbs, compound verbs | phrasal verbs |
| clauses that contain information necessary to understand the sentence; essential clauses, restrictive clauses | defining relative clauses |
| clauses set off by commas, which can be removed without affecting the main message; non-essential clauses, non-restrictive clauses | non-defining relative clauses |
| clauses introduced by certain linking words, which cannot stand alone; subordinate clauses, non-independent clauses | dependent clauses |
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