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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Canadian Shield | An area of very old, flat, and rocky terrain in north-west Canada. |
| Incas | A native civilization that lived in the Andes of South America. Conquered by Frasisco Pizzaro in 1533. |
| Aztecs | A native civilization that lived in the Mexico Valley. Conquered by Hernàn Cortés in 1519. |
| Nation States | States that rule over largely only one culture or people. |
| Cahokia | A large native settlement near modern-day St. Louis. |
| Three-Sister Farming | A crop rotation of corn, beans, and squash used by native Americans to maximize yields. |
| Caravel | A ship type that allowed Europeans to travel down the African coast towards Asian markets. |
| Plantations | Farm that uses African slaves to grow cash crops. |
| The Columbian Exchange | The exchange of living things between the New and Old Worlds after Columbus's voyage. |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | Treaty that split the ‘heathen lands’ in the Americas, Africa, and Asia between Spain and Portugal. Spain claimed most of the Americas, whereas Portugal claimed Asia and Africa. |
| Encomienda | Spanish Policy to give Native captives to Spanish colonists in return for a promise to Christianize them. |
| Noche Triste (Sad Night) | The day when the Aztecs drove Cortés out of their capital. Cortés sieged the Aztec capital a year later in revenge. |
| Capitalism | An economic system characterized by private property, free trade, and open markets. |
| Mestizos | People of mixed Spanish and Native blood, mainly in Mexico. |
| Conquistadores | Spanish explorers, and colonizers in the Americas in the 1500s. |
| Battle of Acoma | A battle between Don Juan de Oñate and the Puebloans in New Mexico. Oñate won and took their lands as New Mexico. |
| Pueblo Revolt | The revolt by Natives in New Mexico that drove out the Spanish for many years and spread horses North towards the Great Plains. |
| Black Legend | The false idea that the Spanish did little but kill and rob natives in the name of Christ. |
| Ferdinand of Aragon | The marriage of him and his wife, Isabella, created Spain. They together funded Columbus’s westward voyage in 1492. |
| Isabella of Castile | The marriage of her and her husband, Ferdinand, created Spain. They together funded Columbus’s westward voyage in 1492. |
| Christopher Columbus | The Italian Explorer who stumbled upon the West Indies and the Americans in 1492, on accident, while trying to find a way West to East Asian markets. |
| Francisco Coronado | The Spanish explorer who explored the southwest USA in search of the ‘Golden Cites.’ |
| Fransisco Pizarro | The Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incan Empire and founded the city of Lima. |
| Bartolomé de Las Casas | The Spanish Missionary who spoke out against the encomienda system and the treatment of native peoples. |
| Hernàn Cortés | The Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire. |
| Malinche (Doña Marina) | The native slave who served as a translator for Hernàn Cortés in his conquest of the Aztec Empire. |
| Moctezuma | The last Emperor of the Aztecs. Defeated by Cortés in 1519. |
| Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) | The Italian explorer hired by England to explore the North American coast. |
| Robert de La Salle | The French Explorer that led an expedition down the Mississippi River. |
| Father Junipero Serra | The Spanish missionary who founded a string of settlements along the California coast. |
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