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Micro Ch.10 Practice
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biofilm infections are harder to treat than the same free-living organisms because _______. when part of a biofilm community, the bacterial cells express different genes thus changing their antibiotic susceptibility bacteria in a biofilm exist only on synthetic surfaces such as catheters, so they cannot be treated with antibiotics the organisms in the biofilm degrade the antibiotics at a much faster rate than their free-living counterparts | when part of a biofilm community, the bacterial cells express different genes thus changing their antibiotic susceptibility |
| Which therapeutic index value would be the drug of choice? 20 10 1 0.1 Any value would be equally effective. | 20 |
| Choose the statement that best describes superinfection. An infection with an extensively drug-resistant microbe An infection that occurs due to the overgrowth of other potentially pathogenic microbes during or after initial antimicrobial therapy An infection by an extremely virulent microbe An infection caused by multiple species of microbes, synergistically contributing to the infectious process | An infection that occurs due to the overgrowth of other potentially pathogenic microbes during or after initial antimicrobial therapy |
| There are fewer antifungal, antiprotozoan, and antihelminth drugs compared to antibacterial drugs because fungi, protozoa, and helminths _______. do not cause many human infections are not affected by antimicrobials are so similar to human cells that drug selective toxicity is difficult are parasites found inside human cells have cells with fewer target sites compared to bacteria | are so similar to human cells that drug selective toxicity is difficult |
| Antiviral drugs that target reverse transcriptase would be used to treat _______. influenza A virus HIV herpes zoster virus respiratory syncytial virus hepatitis C virus | HIV |
| The multidrug-resistant pumps in many bacterial cell membranes function by ______. bacterial chromosomal mutations synthesis of enzymes that alter drug structure removing the drug from the cell when it enters alteration of drug receptors on cell targets All of the choices are correct. | removing the drug from the cell when it enters |
| Microbial resistance resulting from mutation occurs because _______. bacterial genomes undergo mutation rapidly bacterial genomes undergo mutation often short generation times accumulate mutations in populations mutations are passed between organisms All of the choices are correct. | All of the choices are correct. |
| The use of vaginal inserts of Lactobacillus to restore healthy vaginal biota is an example of ________. prebiotics probiotics lantibiotics phytobiotics riboswitches | probiotics |
| Drug susceptibility testing determines _______. the patient's response to various antimicrobials the pathogen's response to various antimicrobials if normal flora will be affected by antimicrobials if the drug is increasing to toxic levels in a patient None of the choices are correct. | the pathogen's response to various antimicrobials |
| An example of an antibacterial drug with high selective toxicity would be one that _______. targets the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall targets the permeability of the cell membrane targets DNA replication targets RNA transcription | targets the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall |
| Drugs with high selective toxicity include _______. ampicillin and bacitracin amphotericin B and fluconazole mebendazole and albendazole quinine and metronidazole | ampicillin and bacitracin |
| In light of increasing antibiotic resistance, alternative antimicrobial therapies are being explored. These include the CRISPR system, which ________. when delivered with an antibiotic, can splice out the genes causing resistance to the drug, which is then able to kill the bacteria directly kill the bacteria instead of requiring an antibiotic is comprised of immune peptides that are not susceptible to bacterial resistance | when delivered with an antibiotic, can splice out the genes causing resistance to the drug, which is then able to kill the bacteria |
| Choose the method of antimicrobial susceptibility testing that involves measuring and evaluating zones of inhibition around antibiotic disks placed on a culture of bacteria prior to incubation. ELISA test Kirby-Bauer test Tube dilution test Gram stain test Beta-lactamase test | Kirby-Bauer test |
| Choose the antimicrobial category that is most selectively toxic. Antimicrobials that inhibit cell wall synthesis Antimicrobials that inhibit protein synthesis Antimicrobials that interfere with nucleic acid structure and function Antimicrobials that inhibit folic acid synthesis Antimicrobials that interfere with cell membrane structure and function | Antimicrobials that inhibit cell wall synthesis |
| Yeast infections of the vaginal tract and Clostridium difficile colitis following antibiotic treatment are examples of ________. superinfections drug resistance systemic infections drug allergies | superinfections |
| Substances that are naturally produced by certain microorganisms that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms are called _______. antibiotics narrow-spectrum drugs semisynthetic drugs synthetic drugs broad-spectrum drugs | antibiotics |
| Antimicrobials that are effective against a wide variety of microbial types are termed _______. antibiotics narrow-spectrum drugs semisynthetic drugs synthetic drugs broad-spectrum drugs | broad-spectrum drugs |
| Important characteristics of antimicrobial drugs include _______. low toxicity for human tissues high toxicity against microbial cells do not cause serious side effects in humans stable and soluble in body tissues and fluids All of the choices are correct. | All of the choices are correct. |
| The use of a drug to prevent a person at risk of an imminent infection is called _______. competitive inhibition synergism prebiotics prophylaxis lantibiotics | prophylaxis |
| The use of any chemical in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease is called _______. prophylaxis chemotherapy selective toxicity nephrotoxicity synergism | chemotherapy |
| Selective toxicity refers to ________. damage to pathogenic organisms damage to prokaryotic cell membranes damage to the target organisms but not host cells damage to nucleic acids None of the choices are correct. | damage to the target organisms but not host cells |
| What type of chemical will allow some bacteria to be resistant to many penicillins? Synercid Penicillinase Aztreonam Clavulanic acid Imipenem | Penicillinase |
| Which drug is used to treat cases of tuberculosis? Penicillin G Vancomycin Tetracycline Synercid Isoniazid | Isoniazid |
| Which of these drugs has the most narrow spectrum? Tetracycline Isoniazid Erythromycin Aminoglycosides Cephalosporins | Isoniazid |
| The drug that can cause injury to red blood cells and white blood cells is _______. chloramphenicol clindamycin ciprofloxacin bacitracin gentamicin | chloramphenicol |
| Which of the following antibacterial drug groups does not target protein synthesis? Clindamycin Erythromycin Aminoglycosides Sulfonamides Tetracycline | Sulfonamides |
| Which newer synthetic drug is used to treat MRSA and VRE infections? Synercid Clindamycin Linezolid Azithromycin Clarithromycin | Linezolid |
| The antifungal drug that can be injected to treat serious systemic fungal infections, like histoplasmosis, is ________. nystatin griseofulvin amphotericin B sulfa drugs metronidazole | amphotericin B |
| Ketoconazole, fluconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole are broad-spectrum azoles used to treat _______ infections. bacterial fungal protozoan helminthic viral | fungal |
| Which of the following is not a drug group used to treat fungal infections? Quinolones Macrolide polyenes Echinocandins Synthetic azoles Allylamines | Quinolones |
| Acyclovir is used to treat _______. influenza A virus HIV herpes simplex virus respiratory syncytial virus hepatitis C virus | herpes simplex virus |
| The cellular basis for bacterial resistance to antimicrobials include ______. bacterial chromosomal mutations synthesis of enzymes that alter drug structure prevention of drug entry into the cell alteration of drug receptors on cell targets All of the choices are correct. | All of the choices are correct. |
| Each of the following result in drug resistance except _______. drug pumped out of the cell drug used as a nutrient by the cell drug binding site altered drug inactivated drug blocked from entering cell | drug used as a nutrient by the cell |
| Each of the following is a mechanism for drug resistance transfer between microorganisms except ________. transduction R-plasmids conjugation mutation transformation | mutation |
| Each of the following contributes to emerging drug resistance except _______. overuse of antibiotics improper use of antibiotics multiple drug therapy ingestion of antibiotics with animal feed addition of antibiotics to common household products | multiple drug therapy |
| Nutrients that encourage the growth of beneficial microbes in the intestines are known as ________. prebiotics probiotics. lantibiotics phytobiotics riboswitches | prebiotics |
| Broad-spectrum drugs that disrupt the body's microbiota often cause ________. nephrotoxicity superinfections allergic reactions drug toxicity mutation | superinfections |
| Side effects that occur in patient's tissues while on antimicrobial drugs include all the following except _______. development of resistance to the drug hepatotoxicity nephrotoxicity diarrhea deafness | development of resistance to the drug |
| A superinfection results from _______. buildup of a drug to toxic levels in the patient the wrong drug administered to the patient an immune system reaction to the drug decrease in the microbiota with overgrowth of an unaffected species | decrease in the microbiota with overgrowth of an unaffected species |
| The _______ are drugs that deposit in developing teeth and cause a permanent brown discoloration. streptomycins cephalosporins macrolides tetracyclines penicillins | tetracyclines |
| A ratio of the dose of a drug that is toxic to humans versus the minimum effective dose for that pathogen is assessed to predict the potential for toxic drug reactions. This is called the _______. Kirby-Bauer antibiogram E-test MIC therapeutic index (TI) | therapeutic index (TI) |
| The feature of an antimicrobial that makes it kill or inhibit microbes yet be harmless to the host is referred to as _________. selective toxicity the therapeutic index the thermal death point minimum inhibition | selective toxicity |
| An antimicrobial drug that is effective against a very diverse array of bacteria is described as ________ spectrum. broad sensitive medium narrow wide | broad |
| Direct damage to tissue or an organ due to the effect of an antimicrobial on that tissue or organ is known as drug ________, whereas an inappropriate immune reaction to an antimicrobial is known as drug-induced ________. toxicity; allergy allergy; toxicity resistance; allergy superinfection; resistance | toxicity; allergy |
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garrisonjr84