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1. If an infectious disease emerged that was highly contagious and virulent, resulting in certain death with no known cure, what would the epidemiological data would show _______.
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2. Nowadays, HIV infection is considered a chronic disease, rather than the death sentence it was when it first emerged in the 1980s. Educational strategies to limit transmission, coupled with advances in treatment, means that compared to 1985, _______.
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Micro Chapter 11 KC
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. If an infectious disease emerged that was highly contagious and virulent, resulting in certain death with no known cure, what would the epidemiological data would show _______. | High incidence and high mortality rate. |
| 2. Nowadays, HIV infection is considered a chronic disease, rather than the death sentence it was when it first emerged in the 1980s. Educational strategies to limit transmission, coupled with advances in treatment, means that compared to 1985, _______. | The prevalence of HIV has increased, but the mortality rate has decreased due to effective treatments. |
| 3. 0.034% of the population showed evidence of a particular respiratory infection. What term is illustrated by this statistic. | Prevalence |
| 4. If there were 7.5 new cases of pertussis per 100,000 susceptible individuals in the United States, what term that is illustrated by this statistic. | Incidence |
| 5. Give an example of sequelae? | Persistent weakness and fatigue following a bout of severe influenza. |
| 6. Healthcare-associated infections involve _______. | Infections acquired during the course of receiving healthcare treatment for other conditions. |
| 7. List the statements regarding discoveries made by the Human Microbiome Project | -The human body harbors more bacterial cells than human cells. -There is a wide diversity of microbes in different body sites. -The composition of microbial communities is unique to each individual. -Disruptions to the microbiome can affect health and disease. |
| 8. How does Tooth decay develop? | Tooth decay develops from the accumulation of dental plaque, which harbors bacteria that produce acids that erode tooth enamel. |
| 9. Describe the benefits of microbial antagonism to the human host. | Microbial antagonism helps protect the host by competing with pathogenic microbes for nutrients and space, producing substances harmful to pathogens, and stimulating the immune system. |
| 10. A teacher walking through her first-grade classroom pauses to pick up a used tissue that had ended up on the floor instead of in the waste basket. Unfortunately, after discarding the tissue, she doesn’t immediately wash her hands, and acquires a strain of rhinovirus. Several days later she begins to experience symptoms of a cold. Based upon this scenario, please select the mode of disease transmission demonstrated here. | Indirect contact transmission |
| 11. The cytokine storm seen in patients with severe COVID-19 is an example of a microbe causing disease in which way? | By inducing an excessive and damaging immune response. |
| 12. Discuss SARS-CoV-2 and how it originated | SARS-CoV-2 is a coronavirus that originated in bats and is believed to have been transmitted to humans through an intermediate host, possibly a wild animal sold at a market. |
| 13. Endogenous infectious agents arise from microbes that are _______. | Already present in or on the body. |
| 14. When does the human body typically begins to be colonized by its normal biota _______. | During and immediately after birth. |
| 15. Discuss inoculation of normal biota to a newborn | Newborns acquire their normal biota through contact with the mother during birth, breastfeeding, and the surrounding environment. |
| 16. The effect of "good" microbes against invading microbes is called _______. | Microbial antagonism |
| 17. What is an antiphagocytic factor? | A characteristic of some pathogens that helps them evade phagocytosis by the host’s immune cells. |
| 18. Exotoxins _______. | Are potent, secreted proteins produced by certain bacteria that can cause damage to the host. |
| 19. Secondary infection – | An infection that occurs during or after treatment for another infection. |
| 20. Mixed infection | An infection caused by two or more different pathogens. |
| 21. Acute infection | An infection characterized by rapid onset and short duration. |
| 22. Toxemia | The presence of toxins in the blood. |
| 23. Local edema, swollen lymph nodes, fever, soreness, and abscesses are indications of _______. | Inflammation |
| 24. When would Koch's postulates be utilized? | To determine the causative agent of a particular disease. |
| 25. List the goals of the Human Microbiome Project? | -Characterize the microbial communities found at multiple human body sites. -Determine the relationship between changes in the microbiome and human health and disease. -Develop new tools and technologies for microbiome research. |
| 26. The virus that causes rabies, and the rhinovirus that causes the common cold are both considered true pathogens; the degree of pathogenicity is determined by their _______. | Virulence factors |
| 27. Define virulence factors. | Characteristics of a pathogen that enhance its ability to cause disease. |
| 28. What is believed to be the primary route of infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus leading to COVID-19? | Respiratory droplets |
| 29. Many people tested positive for COVID-19, but they did not have any of the signs or symptoms of the disease. Infections like this are referred to as ________ infections. | Asymptomatic |
| 30. Because SARS-CoV-2 likely originated in bats and then became transmissible to humans, COVID-19 is considered a(n) _______ infection. | Zoonotic |
| 31. Infection occurs when _______. | A pathogen enters and begins to multiply within a host. |
| 32. The term infection refers to _______. | The colonization and multiplication of pathogens in a host. |
| 33. Which terminology is not used to describe members of the resident biota? | Pathogenic biota |
| 34. Resident biota are found in/on the ________. | Skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract. |
| 35. Normal biota includes each of the following except ________. | Viruses (while viruses can be present, they are not typically considered part of the normal biota). |
| 36. Opportunistic pathogens _______. | Cause disease when the host's defenses are compromised. |
| 37. Pathogenic microbes that cause disease in healthy people are called _______. | True pathogens |
| 38. What factors weakens host defenses against infections? | Age, chronic disease, malnutrition, stress, immunosuppression. |
| 39. The greatest number of pathogens enter the body through the _______. | Respiratory tract |
| 40. An infectious agent that originates from outside the body is called _______. | Exogenous |
| 41. An infectious agent already existing on or in the body is called _______. | Endogenous |
| 42. The minimum amount of microbes in the inoculating dose is the _______. | Infectious dose (ID) |
| 43. Once a microbe has entered a host, what process performed by certain white blood cells will attempt to destroy the microbes? | Phagocytosis |
| 44. The initial, brief period of early, general symptoms such as fatigue and muscle aches is the _______. | Prodromal stage |
| 45. The time from when pathogen first enters the body and begins to multiply, until symptoms first appear is the _______. | Incubation period |
| 46. The stage of an infectious disease when specific signs and symptoms are seen and the pathogen is at peak activity is the _______. | Acute phase |
| 47. The suffix - emia means _______. | Presence in the blood (e.g., bacteremia, viremia). |
| 48. The subjective evidence of disease sensed by the patient is termed a(n) _______. | Symptom |
| 49. The objective, measurable evidence of disease evaluated by an observer is termed a(n) _______. | Sign |
| 50. A symptom is ________. | A subjective experience of the patient (e.g., pain, fatigue). |
| 51. A sign is _______. | An objective and measurable indication of disease (e.g., fever, rash). |
| 52. List each theory by Koch | -The pathogen must be found in all cases of the disease. -The pathogen can be isolated and grown in pure culture. -The cultured pathogen must cause the disease when introduced into a healthy host. -The same pathogen must be re-isolated from the experimentally infected host. |
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garrisonjr84