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Sorrentino's Chp 19
Chapter 19 Key Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Asepsis | The practice of reducing or eliminating potential pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites). There are 2 levels of asepsis: Medical and surgical asepsis |
| Bacteria | Single-celled microbes that naturally occur on living, dead, or inanimate objects |
| Biohazardous waste | Items that may be harmful to others because they are contaminated with blood, body fluids, secretions or excretions |
| Carriers | Persons who are able to transfer a pathogen to others without getting an active infection themselves |
| Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) | A bacterium that causes diarrhea and colitis. It is the most common cause of infectious diarrhea in hospitalized people and one of the most common infections in hospitals and LTC facilities |
| Colonize | To establish a habitat; for example, bacteria grow on or in specific regions of the body and survive as part of that person's normal flora |
| Communicable disease | A disease cause by microbes that spreads easily. Also known as contagious disease |
| Contamination | The process of being exposed to microorganisms, including pathogens |
| COVID-19 | A recently formed, highly contagious coronavirus that has resulted in a worldwide pandemic. Its resulting morbidity and mortality rates are higher in vulnerable population groups; older persons, compromised immune systems, and persons with comorbidities |
| Disinfection | The process of destroying pathogens |
| Droplet | A small drop of liquid |
| Endospore | The protective shell that surrounds dormant bacteria and viruses, which protects them from external harm |
| Febrile respiratory illness (FRI) | A term used to describe a wide range of respiratory infections such as colds, influenza, influenza-life illness, and pneumonia, spread through droplets. |
| Fomite | Any nonliving object that is capable of carrying infectious organisms and that may serve as a mode of transmission |
| Fungi | Microbes that live only on organic matter such as plants and animals |
| Hand hygiene | The process of cleaning hands |
| Handwashing | The process of removing soil, dead skill cells, and excess microbes from the hands, using soap, friction, and running water. It is a form of hand hygiene |
| Health care- associated infection (HAI) | An infection acquired while a person is a patient, client, or resident in a health care facility or while receiving care from a health care provider. |
| Incubation period | The time between exposure to a pathogenic organism and the appearance of signs and symptoms |
| Infection | A disease state resulting from the invasion and growth of pathogens in the body |
| Infection control | Policies and procedures to prevent the spread of infection within health care settings |
| Influenza (the flu) | A highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract by the causative (disease-causing) virus in airborne droplets. Symptoms include sore throat, cough, fever, muscular pains, and weakness |
| Isolation precautions | Guidelines for preventing the spread of pathogens; include standard practices and transmission-based practices |
| Medical asepsis | Practices that reduce the number of pathogens and prevent their spread. Also known as clean technique |
| Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | A type of multidrug-resistant organism that is resistant to the antibiotic methicillin |
| Microorganism/Microbe | A form of life that is so small it can be seen only with a microscope |
| Multidrug-resistant organism (MRO) | A strain of bacteria that is very difficult to treat with common antibiotics |
| Nonpathogen | A microbe that does not usually cause infection or disease and is not harmful to humans |
| Normal Flora | The microorganisms that are usually found on the surface of skin, mucous membranes, and in the gastrointestinal tract |
| Organism | Any single-celled or multicellular living thing |
| Pandemic | An epidemic that spreads quickly over a large region or even worldwide |
| Parasites | Organisms that derive nourishment and protection from other living organisms, known as hosts |
| Pathogen | A microbe that can cause harm, such as an infection or a disease |
| Personal protective equipment (PPE) | Special clothing and equipment that act as a barrier between microbes and a person's hands, eyes, nose, mouth, and clothes; includes gloves, gowns, masks, and eye protection |
| Physical distancing | Maintaining a distance of 2m in order to reduce the risk of droplet spread of infectious agents such as COVID-19, to others |
| Reservoir | The environment in which microbes live and grow; host |
| Sharps | Equipment or items that may pierce the skin; include needles, razor blades, and broken glass |
| Standard Practices | Guidelines to prevent the spread of infection from blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, non-intact skin, and mucous membranes. Also known as Routine practices or Standard Precautions |
| Sterile | Free of all microbes, both pathogens and nonpathogens, as well as their spores |
| Sterile field | A work area free of all microbes, both pathogens and nonpathogens |
| Sterilization | The process of destroying all microbes |
| Surgical asepsis | Practices that keep equipment and supplies free of all microbes, also known as sterile technique |
| Transmission-based Precautions | Guidelines to contain pathogens within a certain area, usually the client's room |
| Tuberculosis (TB) | A persistent bacterial infection generally transmitted by the inhalation or ingestion of infection droplets and usually affecting the lungs, although infection of multiple organ systems occurs. |
| Vaccine | A suspension containing a live or killed bacterium or virus that is administered for the purpose of inducing active immunity to a specific infectious disease. Vaccines are available in either oral or injectable suspensions. |
| Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) | A type of multidrug resistant organism made up of bacterium |
| Vector | An organism that spreads infection by transmitting pathogens from one host to another but is not the cause of the infection |
| Viruses | Infectious particles that are much smaller than bacteria and infect living cells to grow and multiply |
| Waterless, alcohol-based hand rubs | Hand hygiene products that are rubbed into the hands and then allowed to dry completely, thereby killing most microbes on the skin's surface in seconds. |
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