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Goulds Ch 9,4 and 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The motor neuron of the spinal cord and all the muscle fibers it stimulates are referred to as | the motor unit. |
| At the neuromuscular junction, the chemical transmitter released is | acetylcholine |
| Diarthroses or synovial joints are | freely movable joints and are the most common type of joint in the body |
| An open or compound fracture results when | the skin is broken. There is also a much higher risk of infection |
| Comminuted fracture, in which there are | multiple fracture lines and bone fragments |
| Compression fracture, common in the vertebrae, occurring when | a bone is crushed or collapses into small pieces |
| Impacted fracture occurs when | one end of the bone is forced or telescoped into the adjacent bone; for example, the neck of the femur is crushed against the pelvis. |
| Pathologic fracture results from | a weakness in the bone structure because of conditions such as a tumor or osteoporosis. The break occurs spontaneously or with very little stress on the bone. |
| Depressed fracture occurs in the skull when | the broken section is forced inward on the brain. |
| Transverse fracture is | a fracture across the bone. |
| Linear fracture is | a break along the axis of the bone. |
| Oblique fracture is | a break at an angle to the diaphysis of the bone. |
| Spiral fracture is | a break that angles around the bone, usually caused by a twisting injury. |
| Factors affect the healing process | , the amount of local, Prolonged inflammation, approximation of the ends of the bone, foreign material or infection at the site delays healing. Numerous systemic factors also affect the healing process in bone. |
| Complications may affect bone healing | Muscle spasm may occur, Infections such as tetanus or osteomyelitis, Ischemia, Compartment syndrome |
| Compartment syndrome may develop when | Increased pressure of fluid within the fascia, the non-elastic covering of the muscle, compresses the nerves and blood vessels, causing severe pain and ischemia or necrosis of the muscle. The pressure effects may be aggravated by a cast. |
| Fat emboli are a risk when | fatty marrow escapes from the bone marrow into a vein within the first week after injury. |
| Fat emboli are more common in patients with fractures of the | pelvis or long bones such as the femur |
| Fat emboli symptoms | travel to the lungs where they cause obstruction and respiratory distress syndrome |
| Frequently the first indications of a fat embolus are | behavioral changes, confusion, and disorientation associated with cerebral emboli, in combination with respiratory distress and severe hypoxia. |
| Fractures in or near the joint may have long-term residual effects, such as | osteoarthritis (OA) or stunted growth if the epiphyseal plate is damaged in a child. |
| A dislocation is the | separation of two bones at a joint with loss of contact between the articulating bone surfaces |
| A sprain is a | tear in a ligament |
| Osteoporosis is a common metabolic bone disorder characterized by | a decrease in bone mass and density, combined with loss of bone matrix and mineralization |
| Etiology of osteoporosis | Aging, Decreased mobility, Hormonal factors, glucocorticoids such as prednisone, Deficits of calcium, vitamin D or malabsorption disorders, Cigarette smoking, Small, light bone structure, as in Asian and Caucasian persons, Excessive caffeine intake. |
| Signs and Symptoms of osteoporosis | Compression fractures of the vertebrae, Kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis, abnormal curvatures of the spine with accompanying loss of height, Spontaneous fractures involving the head of the femur or pelvis are frequent occurrences. |
| Rickets and Osteomalacia result from a deficit of | vitamin D and phosphates required for bone mineralization. They occur with dietary deficits, malabsorption, prolonged intake of phenobarbital (for seizures), or lack of sun exposure. |
| Paget Disease (Osteitis Deformans) is | a progressive bone disease that occurs in adults older than 40 years. |
| The cause of Paget disease | has not yet been established; however, childhood infection with a virus has been implicated, and there is evidence of a genetic factor. |
| Pathophysiology of Paget disease | Excessive bone destruction occurs, with replacement of bone by fibrous tissue and abnormal bone. Pathologic fractures are common. |
| Osteomyelitis is | a bone infection usually caused by bacteria, and sometimes fungi. The microorganisms can enter the blood from an infection anywhere in the body and spread to the bones. |
| Signs and Symptoms of osteomyelitis | Local inflammation and bone pain, Fever and excessive sweating, Chills, General malaise |
| Lordosis, also referred to as swayback, is characterized by | the spine curving significantly inward at the lower back. |
| Kyphosis, also referred to as | hunchback or humpback, is characterized by an abnormally rounded upper back. Some specific causes of kyphosis include the following: |
| Scoliosis is characterized by | either an S- or C-shaped sideways curve to the spine |
| A majority of primary bone tumors are | malignant. |
| Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma) is | a primary malignant neoplasm that usually develops in the metaphysis of the femur, tibia, or fibula in children or young adults, particularly males |
| Ewing sarcoma is a | malignant neoplasm common in adolescents that occurs in the diaphysis of long bones. |
| Muscular Dystrophy is | a group of inherited disorders characterized by degeneration of skeletal muscle. |
| Duchenne or pseudohypertrophic pathophysiology | degeneration and necrosis of the cell. Skeletal muscle fibers are replaced by fat and fibrous connective tissue Muscle function is gradually lost. |
| Signs and Symptoms of Duchenne MD | early signs appear at around 3 years of age, Initial weakness in the pelvic girdle causes a waddling gait and difficulty with climbing stairs or attaining an upright position. Gower maneuver |
| Primary fibromyalgia syndrome is | a group of disorders characterized by pain and stiffness affecting muscles, tendons, and surrounding soft tissues. |
| The cause of fibromyalgia is | not known, but it appears to be related to altered central neurotransmission, resulting in increased soft tissue sensitivity to substance P, a neurotransmitter involved in pain sensation. |
| Manifestations of fibromyalgia | Generalized aching pain, Marked fatigue, Sleep disturbances, Depression, In some individuals, irritable bowel syndrome or urinary symptoms |
| Osteoarthritisis | a degenerative, or “wear and tear,” joint disease |
| Pathophysiology or osteoarthritis | The articular cartilage, of weight-bearing joints is damaged and lost |
| The primary form of OA is associated with | obesity and aging, whereas the secondary type follows injury or abuse. |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis is considered an | autoimmune disorder causing chronic systemic inflammatory disease. |
| Signs and Symptoms or osteoarthritis | joints appear red and swollen and often are sensitive to touch, as well as painful, Joint stiffness occurs following rest,. Systemic signs include fatigue, anorexia, mild fever, generalized lymphadenopathy, and generalized aching. |
| Infectious or septic arthritis usually develops in | a single joint. |
| Symptoms of septic arthritis | The joint is red, swollen, and painful, with decreased range of movement. The synovium is swollen, and a purulent exudate form. |
| Cause of septic arthritis | Blood-borne bacteria such as gonococcus or staphylococcus are the source of infection in many cases |
| Psoriatic arthritis is | an autoimmune form of arthritis that is accompanied by the skin disease psoriasis. |
| Symptoms of psoriatic arthritis | Swollen, tender joints on one or both sides of the body, Morning stiffness, Painful muscles and tendons, Scaly skin patches that may get worse when joint pain flares up |
| Gout (Gouty Arthritis) results from | a metabolic disorder causing deposits of uric acid and urate crystals in the joint that then cause an acute inflammatory |
| Ankylosing spondylitis is | a chronic progressive inflammatory condition that affects the sacroiliac joints, intervertebral spaces, and costovertebral joints of the axial skeleton |
| Somatic pain may arise from | the skin (cutaneous) or from deeper structures such as bone or muscle, conducted by sensory nerves. |
| Visceral pain originates in the | organs |
| Pain receptors or nociceptors | are free sensory nerve endings that are present in most tissues of the body. |
| The pain threshold refers to | the level of stimulation required to activate the nerve ending sufficiently for the individual to perceive pain. |
| Acute pain is transmitted by the | myelinated A delta fibers |
| chronic pain is transmitted along | unmyelinated C fibers |
| a reflex response to sudden pain results in | a motor, or efferent, impulse back to the muscles that initiates an involuntary muscle contraction to move the body away from the source of pain. |
| The reticular activating system (RAS) | influences the brain’s awareness of the incoming pain stimuli |
| Endorphins released in the spinal cord and attaches to opiate receptors that | block the release of neurotransmitter substance P at the synapse |
| Physical evidence of pain | signs such as pallor and sweating, high blood pressure, or tachycardia |
| Sometimes the pain is perceived at a site distant from the source. This is called | referred pain |
| phantom pain is perceived by the person as occurring in | the lost limb |
| The patient often perceives chronic pain as being | more generalized, and it is difficult to discern an exact location |
| Headaches associated with congested sinuses, nasal congestion, and eyestrain are located | in the eye and forehead areas |
| Tension headaches associated with | muscle spasm result from emotional stress and cause the neck muscles to contract to a greater degree, pulling on the scalp |
| Migraine headaches are related to | abnormal changes in blood flow and metabolism in the brain, |
| Intracranial headaches result from | increased pressure inside the skull. |
| Central pain is pain that is caused by | dysfunction or damage to the brain or spinal cord |
| Neuropathic pain is caused by | trauma or disease involving the peripheral nerves |
| Ischemic pain results from | a profound, sudden loss of blood flow to an organ or tissues |
| Local anesthesia may be injected or applied topically to the | skin or mucous membranes |
| Spinal or regional anesthesia | may be administered to block pain impulses from the legs or abdomen |
| General anesthesia | Loss of consciousness |
| diplopia | double vision |
| exteroceptor | sensory receptors located close to the body's surface and are sometimes referred to as cutaneous receptos |
| ototoxic | a substance causing damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve |
| photophopbia | increased sensitivity of the eyes to light |
| proprioceptors | receptors that provide information about body movement, orientation and muscle stretch |
| ptosis | drooping eyelid |
| refraction | the act or process of refracting; specifically, the determination of the refractive errors of the eye and their correction with glasses |
| tinnitus | hearing ringing, buzzing, or other sounds without an external cause. |
| trachoma | contagious, chronic inflammation of the mucous membranes of the eyes, caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. |
| visceroceptos | receptors that are located internally and provide information about the environment around the organs |
| visual acuity | clearness of the visual perception of an image |
| Conjunctivitis | Superficial inflammation or infection involving the conjunctiva lining the eyelids and covering the sclera |
| Trachoma | Eye infection caused by chlamydia thachomitis |
| Keratitis | Inflammation of the cornea usually accompanied by severe pain |
| Glaucoma | Condition resulting from increased intraocular pressure caused by excessive accumulation of aqueous humor. |
| narrow angle | Angle between the Iris and the anterior chamber is narrow. Chronic-wide or open angle- |
| Chronic wide or open angle glaucoma | Caused by an obsuction of the trabecular network orthe canal of schlemm |
| Cataracts | Clouding of the lens that interferes with light transmission |
| Detached retina | When the retina tears away from the choroid due to marked myopia, degeneration, aging, generation of scar tissue that creates tension on the midterm |
| Macula degeneration | Degeneration at the fovea centralis in the macula lutea |
| Dry macula degeneration | Deposits form the the retinal cells |
| Wet macula degeneration | Neovascularization in the retina |
| Otitis media | Inflammation or infection of the middle ear cavity |
| Otitis externia | Inflammation of the external auditory canal and pinna |
| Otosclerosis | Fixation of the states to the oval window blocking conduction of sound to the cochlea |
| Minierre syndrome | Inner ear or labyrinth disorder where excessive endolymph develops in one ear |
| conjunctivitis | caused by allergens, bacterial, viral or irritating chemical exposure to the covering lining the sclera and ey lids |
| trachoma | caused by infection of chlamydia thrachomitis. follicles develop in the inner eyelid that scratch the cornea |
| keratitiis | injury to the cornea or infection to the cornea such as from herpes |
| narrow angle glaucoma | caused by a developmental abnormality |
| open angle glaucoma | caused by obstruction of the trabecular network due to age or diabetes |
| cataracts | caused by degenerative changes with aging, maternal infection , trauma or metabolic abnormalities such as diabetes |
| macular degeneration | caused by a combination of genetic factors and environmental exposure |
| otitis media | caused by allergies or infections spreading from the nasopharynx to the middle ear |
| otitis externia | caused by bacteria or fungus and associated with swimming or use of ear phones or ear plugs |
| otosclerosis | caused by imbalance of bone formation and resorption, genetic factors |
| minierre syndrome | caused by excess production of endolymph in the ear |
| conjunctivitis | symptoms include redness and itching of the conjunctiva with excessive tearing and watery discharge |
| trachoma | symptoms include the development of follicles on the inner surface of the eyelid, scarring and abrasion of the cornea resulting in blindness |
| keratitis | symptoms include severe corneal pain and photophobia |
| chronic (open) glaucoma | symptoms include insidious loss of peripheral vision and halos around lights |
| acute (narrow angle) glaucoma | symptoms include severe eye pain, nausea, headache and loss of vision |
| cataracts | symptoms include cloudiness of the lens with blurred vision |
| detached retina | symptoms include painless loss of visual field described as floating spots or "a dark curtain" across the visual field |
| macular degeneration | central vision with high acuity becomes blurred and then is lost |
| otitis media | symptoms include earache (otolgia), pressure, mild hearing loss and ear congestion |
| otitis externia | symptoms include pain, purulent discharge and hearing deficit, Pain increases with movement of the pinna |
| meniere syndrome | symptoms include severe vertigo, tinnitis, unilateral hearing loss, nausea, nystagmus and a feeling of pressure in the ear |
Created by:
doctorwho1