Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Goulds Ch 17
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Salivary amylase Source | Parotid gland |
| Salivary amylase action | Splits starch and glycogen into disaccharides |
| Pepsin Source | Gastric chief cells |
| Pepsin action | initiates splitting of proteins |
| Pancreatic amylase Source | Pancreas |
| Pancreatic amylase action | Splits starch and glycogen into disaccharides |
| Pancreatic lipase Source | Pancreas |
| Pancreatic lipase action | Splits triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides |
| Trypsin, chymotrypsin Source | Pancreas |
| Trypsin, chymotripson action | Split proteins into peptides |
| Pancreatic nucleases Source | Pancreas |
| Pancreatic nucleases action | Split nucleic acids into nucleotides |
| Intestinal peptidase Source | Intestinal mucosa |
| Intestinal peptidase action | Converts peptides into amino acids |
| Intestinal lipase Source | Intestinal mucosa |
| Intestinal lipase action | Converts fats into fatty acids and glycerol |
| sucrase, maltase, lactase Source | Intestinal mucosa |
| Sucrase, maltase, lactase action | Convert disaccharides into monosaccharides |
| The liver is located | in the upper right quadrant (URQ) of the abdomen under the diaphragm and serves as the “metabolic factory” of the body. |
| The hepatocytes of the liver constantly produce this substance for digestion | bile |
| The ileum is the major site of | absorption of nutrients. |
| Absorption of large amounts of water and electrolytes takes place in the | colon |
| Large-volume diarrhea (secretory or osmotic) leads to a watery stool, resulting from increased secretions into the intestine. This type of diarrhea is often related to | infections or a short transit time, which limits reabsorption, or to increased osmotic pressure of the intestinal contents, causing them to retain water. |
| Small-volume diarrhea often occurs in people with | inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and the stool may contain blood, mucus, or pus. The diarrhea may be accompanied by abdominal cramps and urgency |
| Steatorrhea is “fatty diarrhea,” marked by | frequent bulky, greasy, loose stools, often with a foul odor. These stools are characteristic of malabsorption syndromes, such as celiac disease or cystic fibrosis, in which the food intake is not digested or absorbed |
| Frank blood refers to | red blood, often on the surface of the stool. This blood usually results from lesions in the rectum or anal canal; it has not been “digested.” |
| Occult blood refers to | small, hidden amounts of blood that are not visible to the eye but are detectable on tests of a stool specimen |
| Melena is | a dark-colored (tarry) stool that results from significant bleeding that has occurred higher in the digestive tract; intestinal bacteria have acted on the hemoglobin, causing the dark color. |
| Causes of constipation include: | Increased age and weakness of the smooth muscle in the intestines, Inadequate dietary fiber, Inadequate fluid intake, Failure to respond to the defecation reflex, Muscle weakness, inactivity Neurologic disorders, Drugs, such as opiates |
| Chronic constipation may lead to the development of | hemorrhoids or diverticulitis. Severe constipation can lead to fecal impaction and intestinal obstruction. |
| Which populations are at special risk for fluid and electrolyte losses incurred with vomiting and diarrhea | Infants and elderly persons |
| Initially, vomiting leads to loss of hydrochloric acid, resulting in which acid/base imbalance? | metabolic alkalosis from loss of hydrogen ion and hypochloremia with increased serum bicarbonate |
| Oral candidiasis (thrush) is a common fungal infection that occurs in individuals who have received | broad-spectrum antibiotics, cancer chemotherapy, or glucocorticoids, as well as in those who have diabetes or are immunosuppressed. |
| Herpes infection is usually caused by | herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) Hyperkeratosis |
| Mumps, infectious parotitis, is a | viral infection leading to marked, usually bilateral, swelling of the gland. |
| Dysphagia causes | may result from a neurologic deficit, a muscular disorder, or a mechanical obstruction. |
| Hiatal hernia is | part of the stomach protrudes through the opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity |
| The signs of hiatal hernia include | heartburn or pyrosis, Frequent belching |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) involves | the periodic flow of gastric contents into the esophagus. |
| Symptoms of GERD | Episodes of reflux causing heartburn frequently occur 30 to 60 minutes after eating or at night |
| Gastritis is | an inflammation of the stomach |
| Acute gastritis may result from the following: | Infection, Allergies to foods, Ingestion of spicy or irritating foods, Excessive alcohol intake, Ingestion of ulcerogenic , corrosive or toxic substances, Radiation or chemotherapy |
| Signs and Symptoms of gastrointestinal | Anorexia, nausea, or vomiting develops, Hematemesis, Epigastric pain, cramps, or general discomfort may be present. |
| Gastroenteritis is | the involvement of the stomach and the intestines in an inflammatory process. It is usually caused by infection but may also result from allergic reactions to foods or drugs. |
| Gastroenteritis symptoms | vomiting, diarrhea, Fever and malaise are common. |
| Chronic gastritis is characterized by | atrophy of the mucosa of the stomach, with loss of the secretory glands. The loss of the parietal cells leads to achlorhydria and lack of secretion of intrinsic factor, which is required for the absorption of vitamin B12. H. pylori is often present. |
| Chronic gastritis is often seen in individuals with | chronic peptic ulcers, those who abuse alcohol, and the elderly. Autoimmune disorders (e.g., pernicious anemia) are associated with a type of chronic gastric atrophy. Many cases are idiopathic. |
| The signs of chronic gastritis, | often vague, include mild epigastric discomfort, anorexia, or intolerance for certain foods, usually spicy or fatty foods |
| Infection with H. pylori is considered an underlying cause of | the majority of cases of peptic ulcers. |
| Signs and Symptoms of peptic ulcers | Epigastric burning or aching pain, usually 2 to 3 hours after meals and at night, is common with ulcers. This cyclic pain is often relieved by ingestion of food or antacids. |
| Stress ulcers result from | severe trauma, such as burns or head injury, or occur with serious systemic problems, such as hemorrhage or sepsis. |
| H. pylori infection is associated with a higher risk of | gastric carcinoma. Diet also appears to be a key factor, and a move to a different geographic location may result in a change in risk level. Food preservatives, such as nitrates or nitrites, and smoked foods increase the risk. |
| Gastric cancer Signs and Symptoms | Manifestations are usually vague and mild until the cancer is advanced |
| Dumping Syndrome occurs when | control of gastric emptying is lost, may occur after gastric resection (e.g., partial gastrectomy), because the pyloric sphincter is removed. Large quantities of ingested food are rapidly “dumped” into the intestine. |
| Symptoms of Dumping syndrome | These changes lead to signs that occur during or shortly after meals, including abdominal cramps, nausea, and diarrhea. The concurrent hypovolemia causes dizziness or weakness, rapid pulse, and sweating. |
| Pyloric Stenosis is | a Narrowing and obstruction of the pyloric sphincter may be a developmental defect in infants, or it may be acquired later in life, usually because of the presence of fibrous scar tissue. |
| Signs of pyloric stenosis | usually appear within several weeks after birth, first as episodes of regurgitation of some food and then as projectile vomiting occurring immediately after feeding. |
| Cholelithiasis refers to | formation of gallstones, which are masses of solid material or calculi that form in the bile. |
| Cholecystitis refers to | inflammation of the gallbladder and cystic duct. |
| Cholangitis is | inflammation usually related to infection of the bile ducts. |
| Choledocholithiasis pertains to | obstruction by gallstones of the biliary tract. |
| Etiology of gallstones | Cholesterol gallstones occur twice as often in women as men. They tend to develop in individuals with high cholesterol levels in the bile. Factors that indicate a high risk for gallstones include obesity, high cholesterol intake, multiparity |
| Signs and Symptoms of gallstones | larger calculi may causing sudden severe waves of pain (biliary colic) in the URQ of the abdomen or epigastric area, often radiating to the back and right shoulder. Nausea and vomiting are usually present. |
| Jaundice (icterus) refers to | the yellowish color of the skin and other tissues that results from high levels of bilirubin in the blood. The color is usually apparent first in the sclera, or white area of the eye. |
| Prehepatic jaundice results from | excessive destruction of RBCs and is characteristic of hemolytic anemias or transfusion reactions |
| Intrahepatic jaundice occurs in individuals with | liver disease, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis. |
| Posthepatic jaundice is caused by | obstruction of bile flow into the gallbladder or duodenum and subsequent backup of bile into the blood. |
| Hepatitis refers to | inflammation of the liver. |
| Viral Chronic inflammation of the liver occurs with | hepatitis B, C, and D |
| Hepatitis A and E (vowels from the bowels) transmitted via | the oral fecal route |
| Hepatitis B, C, D transmission by | Blood borne |
| Signs and Symptoms of acute hepatitis | vary from mild or asymptomatic to severe disease that is often rapidly fatal. The course of hepatitis has three stages: first, the preicteric or prodromal stage; next, the icteric or jaundice stage; and last, the posticteric or recovery stage |
| Toxic or Nonviral Hepatitis are caused by | A variety of hepatotoxins, such as chemicals or drugs, may cause inflammation and necrosis in the liver. |
| Cirrhosis is a disorder in which | there is progressive destruction of liver tissue leading eventually to liver failure, when 80% to 90% of the liver has been destroyed. It is the result of a number of chronic liver diseases. |
| The initial change in alcoholic liver disease is the accumulation of fat in liver cells, causing | fatty liver. Other than enlargement of the liver or hepatomegaly, this stage is asymptomatic and is reversible if alcohol intake is reduced. |
| In alcoholic hepatitis | inflammation and cell necrosis occur. Fibrous tissue forms, an irreversible change. This stage may also be asymptomatic, or it may manifest with mild symptoms, such as anorexia, nausea, and liver tenderness. |
| end-stage cirrhosis, is reached when | fibrotic tissue replaces normal tissue, significantly altering the basic liver structure to the extent that little normal function remains. Signs of portal hypertension or impaired digestion and absorption are the usual early indicators of this stage. |
| The pathophysiologic effects of cirrhosis evolve from two factors: | the loss of liver cell functions and interference with blood and bile flow in the liver. |
| Major functional losses with cirrhosis include the following: | Decreased removal of bilirubinand toxins, Decreased production of bile, Impaired digestion particularly fats and fat-soluble vitamins, Decreased blood clotting factors and plasma proteins, Impaired glucose metabolism, hepatic encephalopathy |
| GI effects with cirrhosis include the following: | Reduction of the amount of bile impairing digestion and absorption, jaundice, Blockage of blood flow, leading to high pressure in the portal veins, Congestion in the spleen and intestinal walls and stomach, Development of esophageal varices and ascites |
| Initial manifestations of cirrhosis are often mild and vague and include the following: | Fatigue, Anorexia, Weight loss, Anemia, Diarrhea, Dull aching pain in the URQ of the abdomen |
| As cirrhosis advances, the following may occur: | Ascites and peripheral edema develop, Increased bruising is evident, Esophageal varices form, Eventually jaundice and encephalopathy |
| Liver Cancer pathophysiology | Although secondary tumors are common in the liver, primary malignant tumors are relatively rare, making up less than 2% of all cancers |
| The signs of liver cancer initially are mild, general, and similar to those of other liver diseases; they include | anorexia and vomiting, fatigue, weight loss, and hepatomegaly. Portal hypertension and splenomegaly are common. |
| Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas resulting from | autodigestion of the tissues. It may occur in acute or chronic form. Acute pancreatitis is considered a medical emergency. |
| Etiology acute pancreatitis, the two major causes are | gallstones and alcohol abuse. intake of a large meal or a large amount of alcohol. |
| Signs and Symptoms of Sudden onset of acute pancreatitis may follow | Severe epigastric or abdominal pain radiating to the back is the primary symptom. Signs of shock—low blood pressure, pallor and sweating, and a rapid but weak pulse—develop as inflammation and hemorrhage cause hypovolemia. |
| Pancreatic Cancer pathophysiology | A tumor at the head of the pancreas usually causes obstruction of biliary and pancreatic flow |
| Manifestations of pancreatic cancer | leading to weight loss and jaundice as early manifestations. Pain becomes severe as the cancer progresses, eroding tissues. The mortality rate is close to 95%. |
| Celiac disease appears to be linked to | genetic factors and consists of a defect in the intestinal enzyme that prevents further digestion of gliadin, a breakdown product of gluten. An immunologic response in the person results in a toxic effect on the intestinal villi. The villi atrophy, |
| The results of celiac disease is | malabsorption and malnutrition, Steatorrhea, Muscle wasting, Failure to gain weight, Irritability and malaise |
| Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic IBDs, the causes of which are | unknown. |
| Crohn Disease Pathophysiology | may affect any area of the digestive tract, but it occurs most frequently in the small intestine, Inflammation occurs in a characteristic distribution called skip lesions |
| Crohn Disease Signs and Symptoms | Exacerbations are marked by diarrhea with cramping abdominal pain. Stool is soft or semi-formed. right lower quadrant pain and tenderness, Anorexia, weight loss, anemia, and fatigue are associated with malabsorption and malnutrition. |
| Ulcerative Colitis Pathophysiology | The inflammation commences in the rectum and progresses in a continuous fashion proximally through the colon. |
| Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a gastrointestinal disorder with manifestations of | abdominal pain/discomfort and changes in normal bowel habits |
| Appendicitis Pathophysiology | Obstruction of the appendiceal lumen by a fecalith (a hard, stony mass of feces in the intestine), gallstone, or foreign material or from twisting or spasm is commonly an initiating factor. |
| Signs and Symptoms of appendicitis | General periumbilical pain , Nausea and vomiting are common, Pain becomes more severe and localized in the lower right quadrant (LRQ) of the abdomen, LRQ tenderness develops |
| If rupture of appendix occurs, the pain | usually subsides temporarily, Pain recurs as a steady, severe abdominal pain as peritonitis develops |
| A diverticulum is | a herniation or outpouching of the mucosa through the muscle layer of the colon wall |
| Diverticulitis Signs and Symptoms | Mild discomfort, diarrhea, or constipation and flatulence. Inflammation, develops in the diverticula. Lower left quadrant cramping or steady pain and tenderness with nausea and vomiting indicate inflammatory disease. |
| Colon Cancer Etiology | This cancer occurs primarily in persons older than age 55 years. Genetic factors,Environmental factors, such as diet, also appear to play a major role in carcinogenesis. Diets high in fat, sugar, and red meat |
| Signs and Symptoms of colon cancer | unexplained change in bowel habits, such as alternating diarrhea and constipation. Bleeding may be indicated by occult blood or melena if it arises from the proximal colon. |
| Intestinal obstruction refers to | a lack of movement of the intestinal contents through the intestine. |
| Intestinal obstruction causes | Mechanical obstructions result from tumor, adhesions, hernias, or result from neurologic impairment, hypokalemia |
| Peritonitis is an inflammation of the peritoneal membranes that may result from | chemical irritation or directly from bacterial invasion of the sterile peritoneal cavity. |
| Chemical peritonitis may result from | the enzymes released with pancreatitis, urine leaking from a ruptured bladder, chyme spilled into the peritoneal cavity from a perforated ulcer, bile escaping from a perforated gallbladder, or blood or any other foreign material in the cavity. |
| Bacterial peritonitis may be caused by | direct trauma affecting the intestines, a ruptured appendix, or intestinal obstruction, Abdominal surgery Pelvic inflammatory disease in womenSigns and Symptoms |
| Peritonitis Manifests as | Sudden, severe, generalized abdominal pain occurs with localized tenderness at the site of the underlying problem. The pain tends to increase with any movement, and the individual often restricts breathing, Vomiting, Signs of dehydration and hypovolemia |
Created by:
doctorwho1