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UPCAT SCIENCE
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| is the systematic method of acquiring knowledge | Scientific method |
| First step of the scientific method | Making observations |
| Second step of the scientific method | Stating the Problem |
| Third step of the scientific method | Forming the Hypothesis |
| Fourth step of the scientific method | Testing the Hypothesis |
| Last step of the scientific method | Conclusion |
| Factors that are NOT affected by other variables | independent variable |
| Factors that are affected by other variables | dependent variable |
| Factors that are kept the SAME for all setups | controlled variables |
| Factor that is DIFFERENT in each set-up; usually the variable under study | manipulated variable |
| A conclusion is made based on REPEATED OBSERVATION; basis of most experimental conclusions; SPECIFIC TO GENERAL | Inductive Reasoning |
| A conclusion is made based on established PRINCIPLES and CONCEPTS; basis of most research conclusions; GENERAL TO SPECIFIC | Deductive Reasoning |
| Digits in a number that are considered important | Significant Figures |
| How many significant figure/s are in this number? 123400 | 4 |
| How many significant figure/s are in this number? 0.00001 | 1 |
| How many significant figure/s are in this number? 0.01001 | 4 |
| How many significant figure/s are in this number? 3120.1 | 5 |
| Parts of the Earth: Clue: G, H, A | Geosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere |
| Outermost layer of the earth; up to 100 km below sea level. | Crust |
| Portion of the crust not covered by the ocean | Continental Crust |
| Portion of the crust under the ocean | Oceanic Crust |
| Region made of solid rocks; includes the crust and the upper solid part of the mantle | Lithosphere |
| Region made of semi-solid rocks; portion where rocks begin to melt; divided into a soft upper layer and a hard lower layer. | Asthenosphere |
| Layer of the Earth under the crust to 2900 km into the center; made mostly of molten rocks. | Mantle |
| Part of the core that is made mostly of molten elements, mostly iron and nickel | Outer Core |
| Part of the core that is made of solid light elements like iron and nickel | Inner Core |
| Rigid pieces of the Earth's crust and upper mantle | Tectonic Plates |
| A scientific theory that describes the large-scale motions of the Earth's lithosphere | Plate Tectonics Theory |
| Theory that the Earth had a single continent through most of geologic time, and that the continents moves in time. | Continental Drift Theory |
| Singular super continent | Pangea |
| Vast ocean surrounding the singular super continent Pangea | Panthalassa |
| The process in which the ocean floor is extended when two plates move apart. | Sea-floor Spreading |
| PLATE BOUNDARIES Plates MOVE AWAY from each other | Divergent Boundary |
| PLATE BOUNDARIES Constructive | Divergent Boundary |
| PLATE BOUNDARIES Plates MOVE TOWARDS each other | Convergent Boundary |
| PLATE BOUNDARIES Destructive | Convergent Boundary |
| What does oceanic-continental convergent boundary form? | Trenches |
| What does oceanic-oceanic convergent boundary form? | Trenches |
| What does continental-continental convergent boundary form? | Mountain ranges, volcanoes |
| PLATE BOUNDARIES Plates MOVE ALONG OR SLIDE PAST EACH OTHER | Transform Boundary |
| PLATE BOUNDARIES Conservative | Transform Boundary |
| PARTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE Point beneath the Earth's surface where rocks break under stress and the plates shift causing an earthquake | Focus |
| Center of the quake on the surface directly above the focus | Epicenter |
| Seismic/energy waves that travel underground from the focus to the surface | Body Waves |
| Compressional; fast and can travel through all mediums; particles move in the direction of the wave | Primary or P waves |
| Shear; slower than P waves and can only travel through solid rock; particles move perpendicular to the direction of the wave | Secondary or S waves |
| Are S waves, longitudinal waves? | No, transverse waves |
| Are P waves, longitudinal waves? | Yes |
| Seismic waves that travel along the surface of the earth; slower than body waves | Surface Waves |
| TYPES OF SURFACE WAVES "ground roll"; dissipates as it travels farther from the center | Rayleigh |
| TYPES OF SURFACE WAVES Sideways movement that occurs when the ground is composed of multiple layers | Love |
| Series of enormous waves caused by the sudden displacement of water, usually in oceans or large lakes; sudden upward movement of trenches cause it | Tsunami |
| The numerical scale for expressing the magnitude of an earthquake on the basis of seismograph oscillations; has the same value for an earthquake despite the location of the reading (OBJECTIVE) | Richter Scale |
| Uses the observations of the people who have experienced the earthquake; not considered as scientific as the Richter Scale | Mercalli Scale |
| Is an opening or rupture in the Earth's surface or crust where hot gases, lava, and rock fragments are released from the magma chamber below the surface/ | Volcano |
| TYPES OF VOLCANOES They are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent. As the gas-charged lava is blown into the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders to form a circular or oval cone | Cinder cones |
| TYPES OF VOLCANOES They are typically steep-sided, symmetrical cones of large dimension built of alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic ash, cinders, blocks, and bombs and may rise as much as 8,000 feet above their bases. | Composite Volcanoes (Stratovolcanoes) |
| TYPES OF VOLCANOES They are built almost entirely of fluid lava flows | Shield volcanoes |
| TYPES OF ROCKS Formed when magma or lava solidifies | Igneous |
| TYPES OF ROCKS From rock residues that accumulates over time and hardens. | Sedimentary |
| TYPES OF ROCKS Rocks that undergo physical and chemical changes due to intense pressure and temperature | Metamorphic |
| TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCK Crystallizes below the Earth's surface; cools slowly thus larger crystals are formed | Intrusive |
| TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCK Erupt onto the surface; cools quickly thus form an amorphous glass | Extrusive |
| TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK From mechanical weathering debris | Clastic |
| TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK Formed when dissolved materials precipitate from solution | Chemical |
| TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK Form from accumulation of plant or animal debris | Organic |
| Naturally occurring inorganic solids; defined by its specific chemical composition | Minerals |
| Properties of Minerals Clue: C, H, C, S, D, CS, C, L | Composition, Hardness, Color, Streak, Density, Crystalline Structure, Cleavage, Luster |
| The ability of a mineral to resist being scratched. | Hardness |
| Lowest mineral according to Mohs' Scale of Hardness | Talc |
| Hardest in mineral according to Mohs' Scale of Hardness | Diamond |
| Color of a mineral in its powdered form; true color of the mineral | Streak |
| Minerals occur in shapes determined by the arrangement of their atoms, molecules, or atoms. | Crystalline Structure |
| Fine fragments brought about by weathering that make up the ground; composed of mineral fragments, organic matter, water, and air. | Soil |
| Term used to refer to the transfer of ground materials to another location | Erosion |
| The steepest slope of the unconfined material on which the material can be heaped without collapsing | Angle of repose |
| Water that seeps underground through permeable rocks and accumulates differently at different depths. | Ground Water |
| GROUND WATER Region where water is always present | Zone of Saturation |
| GROUND WATER Region above the zone of saturation where water level changes depending on environmental conditions | Water Table |
| GROUND WATER Region above the water table where water only passes through but not accumulate | Unsaturated zone |
| WATER CYCLE Water molecules liquify and cling to dust particles in the high air to form clouds. | Condensation |
| WATER CYCLE When moisture accumulating in the air becomes too heavy, they fall back to the earth; can be in the form of rain, snow, or hail. | Precipitation |
| What is the Atmosphere mostly composed of? | Nitrogen (78%) Oxygen (21%) |
| Wind movement that takes place during the day; air flows from sea to land | Sea breeze |
| Wind movement that takes place during the night; air flows from land to sea | Land breeze |
| Violent whirling storm characterized by strong winds and rain covering large areas; created by winds converging at a Low-Pressure Area (LPA) | Cyclones |
| Public Storm Warning System Wind range of Signal #1 | 30 - 60 |
| Public Storm Warning System Wind range of Signal #2 | 61-120 |
| Public Storm Warning System Wind range of Signal #3 | 121-170 |
| Public Storm Warning System Wind range of Signal #4 | 171 - 220 |
| Public Storm Warning System Wind range of Signal #5 | More than 220 |
| Meaning of DOST | Department of Science and Technology |
| Meaning of DILG | Department of the Interior and Local Government |
| Meaning of NEDA | National Economic and Development Authority |
| is the study of space, celestial bodies, and the behavior of the universe | Astronomy |
| Axit tilt of the Earth from the vertical? | 23.5° |
| Farthest point in the orbit, where the Earth experiences colder temperatures | Aphelion |
| Closest point in the orbit, where the Earth experiences hotter temperatures | Perihelion |
| Longest day (solstice) | Summer Solstice |
| Shortest day (solstice) | Winter Solstice |
| Equal lengths of day and night | Equinox |
| The Moon revolves around the Earth in __ days | 27 |
| TIDES Farthest point of the moon from the Earth; has less gravitational pull; results to lower tides or less variation in high/low tides | Apogee |
| TIDES Closest point of the moon from the Earth; has more gravitational pull; results to higher tides or greater variation in high/low tides | Perigee |
| high tides are higher and low tides are lower than usual | Spring Tide |
| high tides are lower and low tides are higher than usual | Neap Tide |
| is the innermost and darkest part of a shadow, where the light source is completely blocked by the occluding body. (ECLIPSE) | Umbra |
| is the region in which only a portion of the light source is obscured by the occluding body. (ECLIPSE) | Penumbra |
| Astronomical bodies revolving around a star but does not have enough mass to become sperical | Asteroids |
| Chunks of ice revolving around a star | Comets |
| Immense gas cloud where stars are born | Nebula |
| phase in the star life cycle from its birth to near death; most stars belong in this category | Main Sequence |
| most energetic and distant galactic nuclei; very luminous and transmit radio waves as red-shift waves | Quasars |
| Neutron star with high magnetic field with its electromagnetic emissions are concentrated at a magnetic poles. | Pulsars |
| Most recognized theory of the origin of the universe; a huge explosion occurred from a singularity and the immense energy created matter that is continually spreading outward, creating space | The Big Bamg Theory |
| theory stating that with the combined gravitation of all masses in the universe, expansion will eventually stop and begin to compress back into a singularity | The Big Crunch |
| the distance traveled by light in 1 year; astronomical measure of length (9.46 x 10^12 km) | Light-year |
| CELL ANATOMY Central storage of genetic material of the cell | Nucleus |
| CELL ANATOMY Considered as the "powerhouse of the cell"; produces energy for the use of the organism | Mitochondrion |
| CELL ANATOMY site for internal digestion of food chemicals | Lysosome |
| CELL ANATOMY site of lipid and protein synthesis | ER |
| CELL ANATOMY site for modification, sorting and storing of proteins | Golgi Bodies/ Apparatus |
| CELL ANATOMY storage site for food and other chemicals; can be used for other purposes | Vacuole |
| CELL ANATOMY Accessory organelle for cell division | Centriole |
| CELL ANATOMY enclosure for the nucleus that serves as additional protection for its contents | Nuclear Membrane |
| CELL ANATOMY Environment within the nucleus | Nucleoplasm |
| CELL ANATOMY An area within the nucleoplasm where genetic materials are concentrated | Nucleolus |
| Cell membrane is made up of ? | Phospholipid bilayer |
| CELLULAR PARTS THAT ARE ONLY PRESENT IN PLANTS AND SOME ORGANISMS Rigid membrane for additional support and structure | Cell Wall |
| CELLULAR PARTS THAT ARE ONLY PRESENT IN PLANTS AND SOME ORGANISMS Specialized organelles that perform specific special functions | Plastids |
| CELLULAR PARTS THAT ARE ONLY PRESENT IN PLANTS AND SOME ORGANISMS Responsible for performing photosynthesis; usually contains chlorophyll, a green pigment | Chloroplasts |
| CELLULAR PARTS THAT ARE ONLY PRESENT IN PLANTS AND SOME ORGANISMS Enhances reproduction and propagation of plants | Chromoplasts |
| CELLULAR PARTS THAT ARE ONLY PRESENT IN PLANTS AND SOME ORGANISMS Storage of starch and sugar, usually colorless | Amyloplast |
| ORGANELLES FOR LOCOMOTION AND OTHER FUNCTIONS Tail-like structure used for propulsion | Flagellum |
| CELLULAR PARTS THAT ARE ONLY PRESENT IN PLANTS AND SOME ORGANISMS Hair-like structure used for motion | Cilia |
| CELLULAR PARTS THAT ARE ONLY PRESENT IN PLANTS AND SOME ORGANISMS Hair-like structure used for directing materials to a specific location on the cell; also used in bacterial reproduction ("sex pilus") | Pili |
| TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS Transfer of substances across a membrane, which is usually done with pumps; requires energy in the form of ATP as a transfer of substances is usually opposite a gradient | Active Transport |
| TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS Natural movement of substances; follows the flow of the gradient thus, does not require energy. | Passive Transport |
| TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS movement of dissolved material (solutes) from high concentration to low concentration areas | Diffusion |
| TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS movement of solute that is carried by another solute / carrier proteins | Facilitated Diffusion |
| TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS movement of water from low concentration to high concentration areas. | Osmosis |
| TONICITY OF SOLUTIONS Equal concentration across a membrane | Isotonic |
| TONICITY OF SOLUTIONS Lower concentration of solute; results to the bursting of cells | Hypotonic |
| TONICITY OF SOLUTIONS Higher concentration of solute; results to shriveling of cells | Hypertonic |
| CELL CYCLE is the method by which a cell reproduces by dividing; also known as cytokinesis or cytoplasmic division | Cell division |
| STAGES OF CELL DIVISION (1ST) DNA strands are duplicated and condensed into chromosomes | Prophase |
| STAGES OF CELL DIVISION (2nd) Each duplicate chromosome called sister chromatids attach to spindle poles | Metaphase |
| STAGES OF CELL DIVISION (3rd) Spindle fibers attach to centromeres and chromatids are pulled apart to each side of the cell. Chromatids are now independent chromosomes | Anaphase |
| STAGES OF CELL DIVISION (4TH) Cytoplasmic division occurs and the two sets of chromosomes divide into two different cells | Telophase |
| This is the method wherein a cell duplicates its contents once and divides once creating cells with the same number of chromosomes (diploid) as the mother cell; basis for bodily growth and repair for multicellular eukaryotes and sexual reproduction | Mitosis - Equational Division |
| This is the method wherein a cell duplicates its contents once but divides twice creating cells with only half the number of chromosomes (haploid) of the mother cell; basis for sexual reproduction | Meiosis - Reductional Division |
| PROPHASE PARTS OF MEIOSIS Condensation of chromosomes CLUE: L | Leptonema |
| PROPHASE PARTS OF MEIOSIS Pairing of homologous chromosomes CLUE: Z | Zygonema |
| PROPHASE PARTS OF MEIOSIS Crossing over CLUE: P | Pachynema |
| PROPHASE PARTS OF MEIOSIS Separation of homologues except at the point of crossing over CLUE: D | Diplonema |
| PROPHASE PARTS OF MEIOSIS Maximum chromosome condensation CLUE: D | Diakinesis |
| CENTRAL DOGMA OF BIOLOGY process by which DNA is copied for duplication for purposes (as in prophase) | Replication |
| CENTRAL DOGMA OF BIOLOGY Process where RNA is produced from the DNA | Transcription (DNA and RNA) |
| CENTRAL DOGMA OF BIOLOGY Product of DNA transcription; transported out of the nucleus to another site for protein production; contains the "message" or code of the DNA | mRNA (messenger RNA) |
| Molecule containing the corresponding amino acid dictated by the mRNA code; contains the anticodon of the mRNA | tRNA (transport RNA) |
| RNA Containing part of the ribosome where amino acids/proteins are assembled | rRNA (ribosomal RNA) |
| Process of assembling a protein/polypeptide chain from amino acid/peptide components; dictated by the mRNA sequence. | Translation |
| a triplet of nucleobases used as a code to represent corresponding amino acids | Codon |
| Codon where translation begins; represented by the codon AUG (corresponds to the amino acid methionine) | Start codon |
| Codon that ends translation; represented by the codons UAA, UAG, UGA | Stop codon |
| STEPS 1-3 OF TRANSLATION | Initiation, Elongation, Termination |
| refers to all chemical reactions in an organism | Metabolism |
| reactions involved in breaking down of molecules into smaller substances; produces energy | Catabolism |
| is a group of catabolic processes that are involved in breaking down of glucose to synthesize ATP | Cellular Respiration |
| 4 MAIN STEPS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION Splitting of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate | Glycolysis |
| 4 MAIN STEPS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION Conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA | Intermediate Step |
| 4 MAIN STEPS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION produces molecules of NADH and FADH2 | Krebs Cycle |
| 4 MAIN STEPS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION Series of processes that are involved in a mass production of ATP, with oxygen as the final electron acceptor | Electron Transport Chain |
| reactions involved in the synthesis or build-up of complex molecules from simple substances; requires energy. | Anabolism |
| is the process done by photosynthetic organisms to produce chemical energy with the use of light energy from the sun | Photosynthesis |
| PHOTOSYNTHESIS STEPS Takes place in the thylakoid membrane within the chloroplast, producing ATP and NADPH | Light-dependent reaction |
| also called the Calvin Cycle, wherein carbohydrates are formed from carbon dioxide molecules in a process called carbon fixation with the use of ATP provided by the Light-dependent reaction | Light-independent reaction |
| is the study of classifying organisms into groups based on similarities and differences in characteristics. | Taxonomy |
| method of naming developed by Carolus Linnaeus. Written by using the genus name with a capitalized first letter followed by the species name using small letters; italicized when typed written. | Binomial Nomenclature |
| 8 HIERARCHIES OF CLASSIFICATION | DOMAIN, KINGDOM, PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, GENUS, SPECIES. |
| TWO TYPES OF PROKARYOTES | Archaea and Bacteria |
| SHAPE OF A COCCUS | SPHERICAL |
| SHAPE OF A BACILLUS | ROD-SHAPED |
| SHAPE OF A SPIRILLUS | SPIRAL |
| process where a certain condition favors certain characteristics over others; may result in the eradication of the members of a population with characteristics that are not favored. | Natural Selection |
| Who proposed the theories of Use and Disuse and Transmission of acquired characteristics. | Jean Baptiste Lamarck |
| is the study of heredity and variation | Genetics |
| is the passing of traits from parents to offspring | Heredity |
| is the differences among individuals | Variation |
| is a unit of instructions for heritable traits | Genes |
| is an alternative form of a gen at a given point on a chromosome | Allele |
| masks the expression of its partner on the allelic pair. Thus it is the expressed trait. | Dominant Allele |
| is fully or partially masked by its partner. This Is fully expressed only when it is paired with another recessive allele | Recessive Allele |
| CHARACTER VS TRAIT is a heritable feature | Character |
| CHARACTER VS TRAIT is a variant for a character | TRAIT |
| HOMOZYGOUS VS HETEROZYGOUS has non-identical alleles at a particular locus on the homologous chromosome | Heterozygous pair |
| HOMOZYGOUS VS HETEROZYGOUS has two identical alleles at a given gene locus | Homozygous pair |
| PHENOTYPE VS GENOTYPE refers to the observable trait/s of an individual | Phenotype |
| PHENOTYPE VS GENOTYPE refers to the genetic construction of an individual | Genotype |
| PUREBRED VS HYBRID is an organism that possesses homozygous characteristics | Purebred |
| PUREBRED VS HYBRID is an organism that possesses characteristics resulting from its heterozygous alleles. | Hybrid |
| MENDELIAN LAWS if two alleles differ, the dominant allele will be fully expressed while the recessive allele will have no noticeable effect. | LAW OF DOMINANCE |
| MENDELIAN LAWS The two alleles for a specific characteristic segregate during meiosis. | LAW OF SEGREGATION |
| MENDELIAN LAWS The pair of alleles segregates independently | LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT |
| NON-MENDELIAN LAW results when two dominant alleles combine to form a phenotype that is in between those two alleles. The expressed trait is not characteristic of the original alleles. | INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE |
| NON-MENDELIAN LAWS results when two dominant alleles combine and both characteristics are expressed and are discernible (ex. ABO blood groups) | CODOMINANCE |
| NON-MENDELIAN LAWS genes for a specific trait are carried by sex chromosomes of organisms | SEX-LINKED |
| AUTOSOMAL INHERITANCE one copy of the faulty gene is enough for the trait to be expressed | Autosomal dominant |
| AUTOSOMAL INHERITANCE both copies of the faulty gene is needed for the condition to manifest | Autosomal recessive. |
| involves microscopic analysis of an entire chromosome complement. (ex. G-banding is the most commonly used banding technique for this.) | Karyotyping |
| ANIMAL TISSUE Function: covers and lines body surfaces and cavities. able to protect and form different body structures. | Epithelial tissue |
| ANIMAL TISSUE Function: serves various functions such as protection, storage, support, binding, and synthesis of blood cells. | Connective tissue |
| ANIMAL TISSUE Function: functions for the movement and contraction of various parts of the organisms | Muscle tissue |
| ANIMAL TISSUE Function: controls responses of the organism to different stimuli | Nervous tissue |
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