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BIO 205 Exam 2
growth, metabolism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| requirements for growth general | physical- temp, pH, osmotic pressure; chemical- water, sources C,N, minerals, oxygen |
| minimum growth temp | lowest temp an org can grow, decreased metabolic rate and reproductive rate |
| optimal growth temp | best temp for growth; maximum growth and reproductive rate |
| maximum growth temp | highest temp than an org can grow; decreased metabolic rate and reproductive rate |
| psychrophiles | cold loving; temp range 0-15-20 C; primarily cold oceans, arctic |
| psychotrophs | 0-30C (20-25C optimal); food spoilage in fridge; actually not grow well at low temps but slowly degrade food |
| mesophile | moderate temp loving 10-50C (25-40C optimal); most orgs that affect us here (pathogen 37C); common spoilage and disease orgs |
| thermophiles | heat loving 40-70C (50-60C optimal); endospores heat resistant, not grow at normal temps; desert soils, hos springs, organic compost |
| extreme thermophiles | 65-100C (90C optimal) |
| pH growth factor | most bacteria grow at pH 6.5-7.5 (near neutral) |
| acidophile | grows at pH < 6.5 to 4; some capable of growth at pH 1; most grow and preserve (saurkraut, pickles, cheese) |
| alkalinophile | pH > 7.5; like cyanobacteria-blue green algae prefer pH 7.5-8.5 |
| buffers | growth medium- neutralize waste and growth products (peptones, amino acids, phosphate salts all buffers) |
| extreme halophiles | salt loving; bacteria require about 30% salt to start growing- dead sea orgs |
| facultative halophile | requires 1-2% salt; can tolerate up to 15%- (staph aureus on skin)-tolerated 6.5%; if add water to halophiles can lyse them |
| normal nonhalophile salinity | 0.85% |
| chemical requirements- major biogenic elements | C, H, N, O, P, S...trace elements (Fe, Cu, Mg, Zn) |
| chemoheterotroph | animals, many microbes, fungi; organic molecules used for carbon and energy source |
| chemoautotroph | CO2 for carbon source; energy from inorganic (H, S, Fe) |
| Photohetertrophs | light and energy from organic compounds (carbon); purple non sulfur and green nonsulfur bacteria |
| photoautotroph | light energy and CO2 as carbon source; algae, plants, photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria |
| trace elements | Fe, Cu, Mg, Zn; essential for enzyme activity; present in tap water and usually distilled water |
| oxygen | poisonous gas; did not exist in O2 form originally on earth; O combines with H-water yields E and process neutralized toxic gas (o2); aerobes are a new creation (high energy process) |
| obligate aerobe | requires O to grow, all byproducts neutralized; grow at top...catalase/perioxidase, SOD |
| facultative anaerobe | grows in O or nonoxygen; all products are neutralized, aerobic respiration; most growth on top, little throughout...catalase/perioxidase, SOD |
| anaerobe (obligate) | O toxic, harmful forms not neutralized; bottom only...No enzymes, must stay away from all O |
| Aerotolerant orgs | tolerate O (don't use); harmful forms are partially neutralized...even growth; SOD |
| microaerophilic | requires low O; growth NEAR top (too much or too little O, O is toxic); No enzymes |
| 4 toxic forms of O | singlet O2 (high E, found in phagocytic cells, destroy what's ingested), super oxide free radical oxygen (formed during aerobic resp), peroxide ion (in H2O2), hydroxy free radical (OHradical-most reactive intermediat form of O, produced by aerobic resp) |
| Peroxidase eqns | H2O2 + catalase = O2 + H20...... H2O2 + perioxidase = 2H2O |
| pure culture | population of identical bacteria; all derived from single bacterial cell |
| streak plate method | sterilize loop, use petri plate with agar; use loop- dip into broth or colony on plate, then streak; 1,3,4 streak pattern; 1-2 days for growth on top |
| spread plate | pipet 1 drop or 0.1 ml on plate w/ agar; dip spreader in alcohol and flame, spread sample, rotate plate, colonies grow on top |
| pour plate | add 0.1 ml to empty petri, all cooled liquid agar on top, let solidify, colonies grow IN agar |
| criteria for culture media | right nutrients, sufficient moisture, pH, O2 level, initially sterile |
| organic growth factors | added to media to help microbes grow (vitamins, amino acids, purines, pyrimidines) |
| agar | 1.5% agar and nutrients; complex polysacch; few microbes can degrade it, melts at BP of water, liquid until 40-50C, once solidified will not melt unless 100 C |
| chemically defined media | exact chemical composition known |
| complex media | kitchen sink-exact chemical composition not known; made up of nutrients from yeast, meat, plants |
| reducing media | for obligate anaerobes; chemicals combine w/ O; heat-to drive off O (candel or anaerobic jar) has blue indicator |
| selective media | suppressed unwanted microbes, encourages growth of certain type, ex SDA |
| differential media | orgs grow but able to distinguish colonies of desired microbe from others- Blood agar |
| Diff and Selective Media ex: | MACCONKEYS-purple b/c of CV- selective for G-, inhibits G+, diff for lactose (fermentors=red)....MANNITOL SALT- selevtive for G+, high salt. diff -mannitol (fermenter changes purple to yellow) |
| enrichment culture | designed to increase # of desired microbes |
| types of bacterial division | Binary fission (MOST COMMON), bud, spores, fragment |
| generation time | time reqd for cells to divide and population to double (usually about 1-3 hours, some 12-24) |
| lag phase | little or no cell division (1 hour-days); intense metabolic activity |
| log phase | exponential growth period- most active cell reproduction, most active metabolically, very sensitive to chemicals/radiation |
| stationary phase | equilibrium; #deaths = # new cells |
| death/decline phase | population decreases, may die out or reduce to tiny fraction of cells |
| direct measurement of cell growth | plate count, filtration, MPN, direct microscopic count |
| plate counts | direct; count # of viable orgs, uses serial dilutions; use when pop HIGH > 100 cells/ml; use pour or spread plates to make dilution of original...CFU/ml of orig= # colonies on countable plates x inverse of dilution factor x correction to 1 ml |
| filtration | direct; used if population LOW (1-100 orgs)- dilute is high #'s |
| MPN- most probable number | direct; statistical inoculation; 95%chance bacteria fall in range; inoculate dilution into sets of 5/10 tubes; combination of positives-use table |
| direct microscopic count | direct; with petroff hauser counter; shallow well of known volume-counted; use dye to tell if alive |
| indirect measurement cell growth | turbidity, metabolic activity, dry weight |
| turbidity | indirect; look at optical density, % transmittance on spectrophotometer |
| metabolic activity | indirect; assume metabolic product in proportion to bacterial $; look at how much ATP or CO2 |
| dry weight | indirect; actually weight and estimate; used for mold and filamentous orgs |
| metabolism | sum of all chemical rxn in a living org, includes catabolism, anabolism |
| catabolism | chem rxn that breaks down complex orgs into simpler ones (glucose-->CO2 + H2O); releases energy; hydration rxn |
| anabolism | synthesis rxn- simpler substances combine to make more complex ones; (sugar-->carbs, aa-->proteins); requires energy; dehydration rxn |
| _____ rxn furnish E to drive ______ rxns | catabolic; anabolic |
| enzymes | speed up rxn; brings molecules closer together; specific for a substrate; decrease Ea w/o increasing temp; doesn't change; end in -ase |
| enzyme components | haloenzyme (whole enzyme) = apoenzyme (protein part) + cofactor (nonprotein- metal ion or organic molecules from vitamins) |
| vitamin derived cofactors | B vitamin niacin (NAD, NADH), riboflavin (FMN,FAD), pantothenic acid (Coenzyme A-CoA) |
| enzyme substrate | (glucose, aa, fats)- HAS binding site... on surface |
| enzyme active site | where substrate binds if it fits, rxn proceeds |
| enzyme allosteric site | where other chemicals bind and change enzyme's shape so substrate doesn't fit, rxn does NOT proceed |
| factors that influence enzyme activity | temp, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme inhibitors |
| effect of temp on enzyme | to a point, increase temp, increase activity; decrease in temp, decrease, activity; extreme temps denature or stop enzyme |
| pH effect on enzymes | optimal pH 6.0, too high or low-denatures enzyme, 3d structure lost, breaks bonds |
| substrate concentration effect on enzymes | activity increases as [substrate] increases until hits a max rate |
| effect of enzyme inhibitors | chemicals affect cell growth, inhibit enzyme rxn; 3 kinds (competitive, noncompetitive, feedback) |
| competitive inhibition | chemical competes w/ normal substrate for active site of enzyme. shape is similar to normal substrate, good fit, but do not go on to make new product; reversible; PABA, sulfa drugs |
| noncompetitive inhibition | allosteric inhibitor- chem binds to allosteric site on enzyme; warps shape of enzyme and its binding site so normal subtrate can't fit; irreversible; cyanide, fluoride |
| feedback inhibition | end product of biochem pathway inhibits one of enzymes in earlier pathway then rxn stops; isoleucine |
| oxidation | gains oxygen or removes electrons and H+ from substrate; produces E |
| reduction | substrate loses oxygen or gains electrons and H+; requires E |
| examples of redox rrxn | NAD(oxidized) + e + H=NADH2 (reduced)..... FAD (oxidized) + e + H=FADH (reduced) |
| 3 methods of phosphorylation to make ATP | substrate level, oxidative (ETC), photophosphorylation (ETC) |
| substrate level phosphorylation | high energy phosphate taken from an organic substrate and added to ADP-->ATP; glucose6phosphate + ADP --> glucose + ATP |
| oxidative phosphorylation | series of electron carriers in electron transport chain pass electrons down chain, electron finally goes to inorganic terminal receptor; ETC/chemiosmosis |
| electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation | inorganic: O2, NO2, SO4, CO3 |
| ETC Electron carriers: oxidative phosphorylation | FMN, cytochromes, quinone (NAD, FAD are electron carriers but not part of ETC) |
| Where does ETC/oxidative phos occur in prokaryotes? | in plasma membrane |
| Where does ETC/oxidative phos occur in eukaryotes? | in mitochondrial membrane |
| photophosphorylation | traps E from light and uses this E to make ATP (photosynthetic orgs only)--uses light trapping pigments (chlorophyl) |
| Where does photophosphorylation occurs in plants/algae? | in chloroplast membrane |
| Where does photophosphorylation occur in prokaryotes? | plasma membrane or specialize structures |
| In bacterial aerobic respiration what is final electron acceptor? | inorganic O2---high ATP yield |
| In bacterial anaerobic respiration what is final electron acceptor? | inorganic NO2, SO4, CO3---high ATP yield |
| Yield of ATP in is high or low? | LOW ATP yield |
| What is final electron acceptor in fermentation? | organic final e- acceptor |
| Respiration uses ____ to make ATP? | Substrate level phos and ETC/chemiosmosis via oxidative phosphorylation |
| Aerobic respiration eqn in prokaryotes | glucose + O2 + 38ADP + 38PO4-> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP |
| Aerobic respiration eqn in eukaryotes | glucose + O2 + 36ADP + 36PO4-> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP |
| Anaerobic respiration eqn in prokaryotes | glucose +CO3/NO3/SO4 + 38ADP + 38PO4 -> CO2 + CH4/NO2/H2S + (3-36) ATP****end products vary in number and types |
| fermentation | partial oxidation of glucose or other organic molecules (amino acids, organic acids, pyrimidines, purines)...anaerobic, makes 1-2 ATP by SLP only. |
| homofermentation | 2 types: lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation (end product of lactic acid or ethanol and 2ATP) |
| Lactic acid fermentation eqn and info | glucose via EMP -> pyruvic acid -> 2 lactic acid + 2ATP..... (homofermentation) |
| alcohol fermentation eqn and info | glucose via EMP -> pyruvic acid -> 2 ethanol + 2ATP + 2CO2..... (homofermentation) |
| heterolactic fermentation eqn | glucose via EMP or PPP -> lactic acid + other various end products..... (homofermentation) |
| 3 types of glycolysis | 1. EMP (Ebden meyerhoff pathway)-traditional gylcolysis for eukary and bacteria 2. ED (Entner Duooroff Pathway)-G- bacteria only 3. PPP (pentose phosphate pathway)- most common alt bacterial pathway (G+/G-) |
| EMP glycolysis | bacteria and eukary: • Glucose--> DHAP/G3P--> 2 pyruvic acid + 2ATP + 2NADH...2ATP to start, 4 made so NET gain is 2 ATP |
| ED glycolysis | in G- bacteria only; • Glucose--> 6phosphogluconic acid --> 2 pyruvic acid + 1ATP + 2NADH |
| PPP glycolysis | most common alt bacterial pathway, G+/G-; Glucose --> 6phosphogluconic acid --> 1ATP + 12NADH |
| how is ATP made in glycolysis? | substrate level phos (SLP) |
| pyruvate oxidation | 2 pyruvic acid --> 2 Acetyl CoA |
| Krebs cycle | 2Oxaloacetate + 2 acetylCoA --> 2ATP, 6NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2...by end of krebs all carbon in original glucose has been released as CO2 |
| How is ATP made in Krebs cycle? | substrate level phos (SLP) |
| How is ATP made in ETC/Chemiosmosis? | oxidative phosphorylation |
| ETC/Chemiosmosis info and eqn | used oxidative phos for ATP; 10 NADH, 2FADH2 --> 34 ATP |
| How many ATP does 1 NADH equal? | 1 NADH = 3 ATP.... |
| How many ATP does 1 FADH equal? | 1 FADH = 2 ATP |
| Where does glycolysis occur in pro and eukary? | Cytoplasm |
| Where does pyruvate oxidation occur in pro and eukary? | cytoplasm |
| Where does Krebs cycle take place? | Mitochondria |
| Where does ETC/chemiosmosis take place in eukaryotes? | mitochondria |
| Where does ETC/Chemiosmosis take place in prokaryotes? | Plasma membrane |
| lipase | hydrolyzes lipids |
| lipids broken down to... | lipids --> glycerol and fatty acids |
| glycerol broken down to.... | glycerol --> DHAP (then can do thru glycolysis, pyruvic acid, Krebs) |
| fatty acids broken down to... | acetyl CoA (further broken down into Krebs cycle) |
| Protein use ____ to break down proteins | Protease/peptidase to break down |
| proteins break down into... | amino acids |
| Deamination | remove amino group (NH2), NH3 goes out of cycle |
| Decarboxylation | remove CO2 |
| dehydrogenation | remove H |
| Photosynthesis overall rxn | 6CO2 + 6H2O + light --> glucose + 6O2 |
| light reaction of photosynthesis | changes light E to chemical E via phosphorylation to make ATP |
| Calvin benson cycle of photosynthesis | dark rxn; Uses ATP + CO2 to make sugars (1 sugar, 6 cycles); Need 6 CO2, 18 ATP, 12 NADH and ribulose phosphate |
| photosphosphorylation of bacteria | light reaction: involves ETC to make ATP...2 types: cyclic and noncyclic |
| Cyclic photosphosphorylation | Light--> ATP: ATP made only, e- return to chlorophyl |
| Noncyclic photosphosphorylation | electron incorporated into NADP-->NADPH; e- NOT returned to chlorophyl; ATP made by ETC |
| Primitive bacteria use what kind of photosynthesis? | cyclic only |
| advanced bacteria/alage/plants use what kind of photosynthesis? | cyclic and noncyclic |
| What type of media is Blood agar? | differential |
| MacConkey's agar | is selective (for G-) and differential (lactose- if ferments=red, nonferment=colorless) |
| Mannitol Salt Agar | selective (G+) and differential (mannitol- purple to yellow) |
| TSA/TSB is what type of media? | non-selective and non-differential |
| Catabolism is what kind of reaction? (exergonic/endergonic and hydration/dehydration) | exergonic, hydration |
| Anabolism is what kind of reaction? (exergonic/endergonic and hydration/dehydration) | endergonic, dehydration |
| temperature- for control of microbial growth | warm temps work best |
| types of microbes- for control of microbial growth | effect on G+, doesn't work on endospores, cysts, mycobacterium, psudomonas |
| physiological state- for control of microbial growth | best on actively growing cells |
| environment- for control of microbial growth | increase heat and acid pH- low organic matter |
| 3 basic effects of microbial agents | alter membrane permeability; damage proteins; damage nucleic acid |
| Kill microbe terms: | sterilization, disinfection, antiseptic, germicide |
| sterilization | kills all forms; heat: boiling, autoclave, dry |
| disinfection | kills vegetative pathogens only (not spores or viruses); used on surfaces, use of chemicals in liquid solution |
| antispetic | kills vegetative cells on living material (no spores or viruses) |
| germicide | kills microbes not endospores (sporocide, bacteriocide, fungicide, viricide) |
| suppression of microbial growth terms | bacteriostatic, aspepsis, sanitation, degerming |
| Bacteriostatic | inhibits bacteria growth- refrigeration, chemicals, dyes, antibiotics |
| asepsis | absence of pathogens from an object or area |
| sanitation | chemical agents reduce microbe population in eating utensils: public health |
| degerming | removal of transient microbes- skin by mechanical cleansing or antiseptic- alcohol swab, iodine |
| physical methods of control | heat, filtration, pasteurization, dessication, radiation, osmotic pressur, low temp |
| heat- physical control | sterilization (denatures)- moist (boiling); steam/pressure (autoclave); dry heat (greater then 170) |
| filtration- physical control | traps microbes on filter |
| pasteurization- physical control | denaturation; used for milk; 75C/15 secs; some orgs remain |
| dessication- physical control | remove water- disrupts metaboism |
| radiation- physical control | destroys nucleic acids- ionizing radiation, UV, microwaves |
| chemical methods of control | phenols, halogen, alcohol, heavy metals, surface agents, organic acids, aldehydes, oxidizing agents |
| Phenol and phenolic | disrupts plasma membrane, denatures proteins, inactivates protein...remains active in presence of organic compounds |
| chlorohexadine | disrupts plasma membrane (G+/G-, not sporocidal, wont kill naked virus, scrub degerming) |
| halogens | Cl, I- inhibit protein growth- oxidizing agents |
| alcohols | 70% best; denatures proteins and lipids; bacteriocidal, fingicidal, bascteriostatic |
| heavy metals | silver, mercury; germicidal, antispetic; denatures protein and other enzymes |
| surfactant | decrease surface tension(soaps/anionic-acid-cationic) |
| organic acids | metabolic inhibitor (molds; carcinogen)- nitrites sulfites (hot dogs) |
| aledehydes | protein inactivation sterilant |
| ethylene oxide | denatures proteins |
| oxidizing agents | action oxides water; poor antiseptic, good disinfectant |
Created by:
twigg1414