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Physiology Exam 2
week 4-8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The basic cylinder-shaped unit of a compact bone consists of a central canal and several layers of extracellular matrix called ? which are clustered around the central canal. | Lamellae |
| What is the meaning of the root word acetabul- as in acetabulum? | Vinegar Cup |
| In addition to providing support, movement, and protection, bones also function in the formation of ________________ cells and the storage of minerals. | Blood |
| A function of bones is to provide support for the body. T/F | TRUE |
| What term is used to indicate the process of blood cell formation? | hematopoiesis |
| Each end of a long bone has an expanded portion called the | epiphysis |
| The extracellular matrix of bone tissue includes collagen as well as abundant inorganic salts which are found in the form of a mineral calle | hydroxyapatite |
| Some bones develop within sheetlike layers of connective tissue, and they are called ______ bones. Other bones develop from a model of hyaline cartilage and are called ______ bones. | intramembranous; endochondral |
| What are osteoblasts? | mesenchymal cells that have differentiated into bone-forming cells |
| Most bones of the skeleton are intramembranous bones.T/F | FALSE Most bones of the skeleton are ENDOCHONDRAL bones. |
| The ______ are cells that dissolve the inorganic components of the calcified bone matrix. | osteoclasts |
| After bones have formed via intramembranous or endochondral ossification, what happens to the bone? | Bone is continually remodeled by osteoclasts and osteoblasts. |
| Which is a factor that directly influences bone development, growth, and repair? | Hormones |
| Cells that deposit and form new bone during osteogenesis are called | osteoblasts |
| Vitamin ______ is necessary for the proper absorption of calcium by the body and thus is vital for proper bone formation. | D } |
| ------- are responsible for the break down of the calcified extracellular matrix in bone. | 0STEOCLASTS |
| Bone remodeling occurs continually as ______ reabsorb bone tissue and ______ replace the bone. The total mass of bone remains nearly constant. | osteoclasts; osteoblasts |
| The bones of the head, neck, and trunk are part of the? and bones of the limbs are part of the ? | Axial APPENDICULAR |
| Name three factors that affect bone development, growth, and repair. | nutrition hormones physical exercise |
| Choose the two major portions of the skeleton. | Axial APPENDICULAR |
| What is the role of vitamin D in bone development? | Vitamin D increases calcium absorption in the small intestine and thus helps maintain the calcium concentrations necessary to build the bone matrix. |
| What are vertebrae? | the bones that form the backbone |
| anul- | ring |
| burs- | bag,purse |
| glen- | Joint Socket |
| A functional junction between bones is called a(n) ______. | Articulation |
| Indicate the bones of the appendicular skeleton. | patella tarsals scapula fibula |
| What holds bones ends together within a fibrous joint? | dense connective tissue |
| What connects the bones in cartilaginous joints? | hyaline cartilage |
| he structural (not functional) classification of a freely movable joint enclosed in a joint capsule is a(n) | Synovial Joint |
| Synovial joints are freely movable and therefore are classified as ______ joints. | diarthrotic |
| The thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones in a synovial joint is called _____________ cartilage. | articular cartilage |
| In a fibrous joint, bones are held together by dense connective tissue that contains many fibers of the protein | Collagen |
| Bones held together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage are classified as _______________ joints | cartilaginous |
| The ______ of a synovial joint encloses the joint and prevents bone ends from being pulled apart. | Joint Capsule |
| What connects two bones together in a synovial joint? | Ligaments |
| Where is articular cartilage located? | covering the bone ends in a synovial joint |
| List all the features of the synovial membrane. | It secretes and reabsorbs synovial fluid. It may have villi, folds, and projections It is only a few cells thick. It can store adipose tissue. |
| Describe the location of synovial membranes. | lining joint capsules Reason: The outer layer of a joint capsule in the FIBROUS CAPSULE. It is lined by the synovial membrane. |
| The inner layer of a joint capsule is the _______________________ , a shiny, vascular lining of loose connective tissue. | Synovial Membrane |
| Where does the fluid found within the synovial joint cavity come from? | Synovial Memrane |
| Indicate three functions of the synovial fluid | It provides nutrients to the articular cartilage. It contains stem cells. It moistens and lubricates the cartilaginous surfaces in the joint. |
| Some synovial joints contain fibrocartilage discs called ______. | menisci |
| Fluid-filled sacs associated with synovial joints are called | bursa |
| The menisci found in some synovial joints are attached to the ______ at the periphery of the joint cavity. | Joint Capsule |
| A synovial joint consisting of a bone with an egg-shaped head that articulates with the cup-shaped cavity of another bone is called a ______ joint. | Ball ans Socket |
| Bursae are ______ and are found in ______ joints. | fluid-filled sacs; synovial |
| Identify three types of synovial joints. | ball-and-socket condylar plane |
| A ______ joint consists of one ovoid bone end that fits into the elliptical cavity of another bone. | condylar |
| A type of synovial joint called a __________________ joint consists of articulating surfaces that are nearly flat and are slightly curved. | Plane |
| What best describes the surface of the articulating bones in a hinge joint? | A convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another. |
| What best describes the surface of the articulating bones in a condylar joint? | An ovoid condyle on one bone end and an elliptical cavity on the other. |
| The fixed end of a muscle is the insertion. TRUE OR FALSE | FALSE Reason: Recall a muscle has an origin (fixed end) and an insertion (moveable end). |
| A movement that decreases the angle of a joint, bringing the bones closer together, is called | FLEXING |
| A movement that increases the angle between bones at a joint, moving them farther apart, is called ______ of the joint. | extension |
| When a muscle contracts, its fibers pull its movable end, which is also called the ______. | Insertion |
| Tilting your head back to look up to the sky is an example of ______ of the atlantooccipital joint. | Hyperextension |
| An extension is a movement where bones or body parts are moved ______. | farther from each other |
| Straightening a bent knee is an example of ______ of a joint. | extension |
| Movement at the ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin is called | dorsiflexion |
| Dorsiflexion is used in what motion? | walking on the heels |
| In order to stretch your leg straight out behind you, you must ______ your hip joint. | hyperextend |
| What is the name of the movement of the ankle that moves the foot away from the shin and points the toes downward? | plantar flexion |
| A movement that increases the angle between bones at a joint, moving them farther apart, is called ______ of the joint. | extension |
| In order to stand on your toes, your ankle needs to undergo ______. | plantar flexion |
| Dorsiflexion is a movement of the ______ that brings the foot closer to the ______. | ankle; shin |
| Abduction is defined as a movement of a limb ______ the midline of the body. | away from |
| Lifting your arm horizontally to form a right angle with the side of the body involves a movement of the arm is called | abduction |
| What is the major age-related change that occurs in joints that is an early sign of aging? | joint stiffness due to changes in collagen structure |
| Changes in collagen in joints due to aging result in ______. | Joint stiffness |
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