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Rates of Reaction LC
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| rate of reaction | change in concentration per unit time of any one reactant or product |
| instantaneous rate of reaction | rate of reaction at any one particular time during the reaction |
| nature of reactants (RoR) | Ionic bonds: quick breaking, no tug of electrons Covalent bonds: slow breaking, sharing of electrons |
| particle size (RoR) | (for solids) - reaction only occurs with atoms on the surface. Greater surface area -> greater rate of reaction |
| concentration (RoR) | more molecular collisions if higher concentration of reactant present |
| temperature (RoR) | molecules move faster and have more energy, thus a greater amount of effective collisions. |
| catalyst (RoR) | is a substance that alters the rate of a chemical reaction but is not consumed in the reaction |
| inhibitors | catalysts that have a retarding effect |
| enzyme | a substance that is produced by a living cell and acts as a biological catalyst Examples: - hydrolase in washing powder - amylase breaking down starch and sugars |
| General properties of a catalyst | - recovered chemically unchanged at end of reaction - tend to be specific per reaction - present in very small amounts - can be poisoned (action destroyed) [lead in catalytic converter] |
| Homogenous catalysis | catalysis in which both the reactants and catalyst are in the same phase (of matter), no boundary E.g: iodine snake/elephant toothpaste |
| Heterogenous catalysis | catalysis in which reactants & catalyst are different phases, there is a boundary E.g: Catalytic oxidation of methanol by platinum |
| Autocatalysis | catalysis in which one of the products of the reaction acts as a catalyst for the reaction |
| Catalytic converter | a device in the exhaust system of a motor vehicle which contains catalysts to convert pollutants in the exhaust gases to less harmful substances contains catalysts such as.... > platinum >palladium >rhodium |
| Carbon Monoxide -> ? (CC) | CO -> CO2 carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas |
| Nitrogen Monoxide -> ? (CC) | Nitrogen Monoxide -> Nitrogen nitrogen monoxide is poisonous and contributes to acid rain |
| Hydrocarbons -> ? (CC) | Hydrocarbons -> CO2 + H20 Hydrocarbons contribute to the greenhouse effect and cause smog |
| catalyst poison | substance that makes a catalyst inactive |
| effective collision | is one that results in the formation of products |
| activation energy | minimum energy that colliding particles must have for a reaction to occur the minimum energy required for effective collisions between particles to occur. |
| reaction profile diagram | is a graph which shows the change in energy of a chemical reaction with time as the reaction progresses |
Created by:
tiplikeswater
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