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Chapter 18 Med Terms
The Endocrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| isthmus | narrow strip of thyroid gland connecting the two lobes |
| thyroxine/tetraiodothyronine (T4) | thyroid hormone synthesized from four iodine atoms that helps metabolism |
| triiodothyronine (T3) | thyroid hormone synthesized from three iodine atoms that helps metabolism |
| calcitonin | thyroid hormone that decreases blood calcium levels |
| parathyroid hormone (PTH)/parathormone | parathyroid hormone that increases blood calcium levels |
| adrenal cortex | the outer covering of the adrenal glands that secretes steroids: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex hormones |
| adrenal medulla | the inner portion of the adrenal glands that secretes catecholamines |
| glucocorticoids | steroid hormones with a powerful anti-inflammatory effect and influence metabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins |
| cortisol | a glucocorticoid that raises blood glucose in response to stress |
| cortisone | a glucocorticoid that is useful to treat inflammatory disease, can be prepared synthetically |
| aldosterone | a mineralocorticoid that acts on kidney to reabsorb sodium and excrete potassium |
| androgens (testosterone) | sex hormones that produce secondary sex characteristics seen in males |
| estrogens (estradiol and estone) | sex hormones that influence secondary sex characteristics seen in females |
| epinephrine (adrenaline) | a catecholamine that increases HR, BP, dilates bronchi, and stimulates glucose release |
| norepinephrine (noradrenaline) | a catecholamine that increases BP by constricting blood vessels |
| sympathomimetic | acts like the sympathetic nervous system |
| islets of Langerhans (islet cells) | the endocrine cells in the pancreas |
| insulin | pancreas hormone secreted by beta cells that decrease blood glucose |
| glucagon | pancreas hormone secreted by alpha cells that increase blood glucose |
| glycogen | starch storage form of glucose |
| pituitary gland (hypophysis) | small pea-sized gland at the base of the brain |
| sella turcica | small depression in the skull where the pituitary gland is |
| adenohypophysis (anterior lobe) | the front lobe of the pituitary gland that secretes hormones, controlled by hypothalamus |
| neurohypophysis (posterior lobe) | the back lobe of the pituitary gland that stores and releases hormones created by the hypothalamus |
| hypothalamus | a gland under the thalamus that secretes hormones to the pituitary to control hormone release and secretion |
| somatotropin (growth hormone) (GH) | anterior pituitary gland hormone that stimulates growth and protein synthesis |
| thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone) (TSH) | anterior pituitary gland hormone that stimulates thyroid growth and secretion of T3 and T4 |
| adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) | anterior pituitary gland hormone that stimulates growth of adrenal cortex and increases steroid secretion |
| gonadotropic hormones | anterior pituitary gland hormones that influence growth and hormone secretion of ovaries and testes |
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | anterior pituitary gland gonadotropic hormone that stimulates ovary growth and sperm production |
| luteinizing hormone (LH) | anterior pituitary gland gonadotropic hormone that stimulates ovulation and testosterone production |
| prolactin (PRL) | anterior pituitary gland hormone that stimulates breast growth during pregnancy and sustains production of breast milk |
| antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) (ADH) | posterior pituitary gland hormone that increases blood pressure and stimulates water reabsorbtion from the kidneys |
| oxytocin (OT) | posterior pituitary gland hormone that stimulates uterus contractions and milk production from mammary glands |
| progesterone | sex hormone responsible for preparing and maintaining the uterus during pregnancy |
| parathyroid glands | four (can be more or less) glands on posterior side of thyroid |
| catecholamine | hormones derived from amino acids secreted by adrenal medulla |
| cortecosteroids | hormones (steroids) produced by adrenal cortex |
| mineralocorticoid | steroid hormone secreted by adrenal cortex to regulate electrolytes and maintain water balance |
| steroid | complex fat-related substance many hormones are made of |
| target tissue | cells of an organ affected by a certain hormone |
| Hashimoto disease (autoimmune thyroiditis) | antibodies trigger lymphocytes to destroy cells in the thyroid, causing hypothyroidism |
| hypophysectomy | removal of the pituitary gland (hypophysis) |
| hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis) | condition caused by oversecretion of thyroid hormones, most common form is Graves disease |
| goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland |
| endemic goiter | occurs when a region lacks iodine in diet |
| myxedema | advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood where mucus accumulates under skin and thyroid is atrophied |
| nodular/adenomatous goiter | hyperplasia, formation of nodules, adenomas, and occasionally hyperthyroidism |
| Graves disease | autoimmune hyperthyroidism characterized by exopthalmos due to edema of tissues around eyes |
| hypothyroidism | underactivity of thyroid gland that can cause myxedema or cretinism |
| cretinism | extreme hypothyroidism in childhood that stunts skeletal growth |
| thyroid carcinoma | cancer of the thyroid |
| hyperparathyroidism | excessive production of parathormone that causes hypercalcemia |
| hypoparathyroidism | deficient production of parathyroid hormone causes hypocalcemia |
| tetany | constant muscle contraction |
| adrenal virilism | excessive secretion of adrenal androgens |
| hirsutism | excessive hair on body and face |
| Cushing syndrome | condition caused by excess cortisol from adrenal cortex causing obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperkalemia, osteoporosis, and hypertension |
| Addison disease | condition caused by hypofunctioning of adrenal cortex causing weakness, loss of fluids and electrolytes |
| pheochromocytoma | benign tumor of adrenal medulla |
| hyperinsulinism | excess secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia |
| acromegaly | hypersecretion of anterior pituitary growth hormone after puberty causing enlargement of extremities |
| gigantism | hypersecretion of anterior pituitary growth hormones before puberty causing abnormal overgrowth of body tissues |
| dwarfism | congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone |
| panhypopituitarism | deficiency of all pituitary hormones |
| syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) | excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone causing edema |
| fasting plasma glucose (FPG) | measures glucose level in patient who fasted for 8 hours to diagnose diabetes and prediabetes |
| glucose tolerance test | oral test for prediabetes and gestational diabetes |
| glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) test | measures percentage of RBCs with glucose attached to determine long-term glucose control |
| serum and urine tests | measurements of hormones, electrolytes, glucose, and other substances to determine endocrine function |
| thyroid function tests | measurement of T3, T4, and TSH in blood |
| exophthalmometry | measurement of protrusion of eyeball |
| thyroid scan | scanner sees radioactivity and visualizes thyroid gland |
| RAIU | radioactive iodine uptake scan |
| CGMS | continuous glucose monitoring system |
| -tropin | stimulating the function of |
| adrenal/o | adrenal gland |
| gonad/o | sex glands |
| parathyroid/o | parathyroid glands |
| pituitar/o | pituitary gland |
| thyroid/o | thyroid gland |
| andr/o | male |
| cortic/o | cortex, outer region |
| home/o | sameness |
| hormon/o | hormone |
| lact/o | milk |
| phys/o | growing |
| somat/o | body |
| ster/o | solid structure |
| toc/o | childbirth |
| iod/o | iodine |
Created by:
XiaoYiSheng