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Ch 21 pracrtice quiz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why are water balance and electrolyte balance considered to be interdependent? Because water dissolves in electrolytes Because water and electrolytes are both in an ionic state in the blood Because both form ions in blood Because electrolytes are dissolved in water | Because electrolytes are dissolved in water |
| Which of the following is a type of transcellular fluid? Cerebrospinal fluid Interstitial fluid Blood plasma Cytoplasm | Cerebrospinal fluid |
| Compared to the body of an average adult male, the body of an average adult female will have__________. more water and more adipose tissue more water and less adipose tissue less water and more adipose tissue less water and less adipose tissue | less water and more adipose tissue |
| In terms of electrolyte concentrations, how does extracellular fluid compare to intracellular fluid? ECF has higher sodium and lower potassium ion concentrations. ECF has higher sodium and higher potassium ion concentrations. ECF has lower sodium and lower potassium ion concentrations. ECF has lower sodium and higher potassium ion concentrations. | ECF has higher sodium and lower potassium ion concentrations. |
| High concentrations of__________ are found in intracellular fluid. chloride and potassium ions sodium and phosphate ions potassium and phosphate ions sodium and chloride ions | potassium and phosphate ions |
| What factors are most important in influencing the movement of fluid between compartments? Diffusion and osmosis Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure Pinocytosis and phagocytosis Active and passive transport | Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure |
| The body of an average adult male is about__________ water by weight. 35% 45% 55% 65% | 65% |
| What is the largest compartment of extracellular fluid? Plasma Lymph Interstitial fluid Transcellular fluid | Interstitial fluid |
| Since hydrostatic pressure in cells and in the surrounding interstitial fluid is typically equal, what is the cause of fluid movement between these two compartments? Active transport Osmotic pressure Filtration pressure Pinocytosis | Osmotic pressure |
| What is metabolic water? Water that a person drinks after exercising Water that is in food A by-product of the oxidative metabolism of nutrients Water consumed in beverages | A by-product of the oxidative metabolism of nutrients |
| The thirst center in the hypothalamus is stimulated by__________ of the extracellular fluid, and is inhibited by__________. an increase in the osmotic pressure; distension of the stomach by water a decrease in the osmotic pressure; stimulation of osmoreceptors a decrease in sodium ions; an increase in sodium ions nerve impulses from the cerebrum; nerve impulses from the thalamus | an increase in the osmotic pressure; distension of the stomach by water |
| How does ADH in the blood influence water output? The glomerular filtration rate is altered. The amount of water reabsorbed at the nephron loops is altered. The amount of water reabsorbed at the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts is altered. The amount of sodium ions reabsorbed by the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts is altered. | The amount of water reabsorbed at the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts is altered. |
| A decrease in total body water of only__________ will trigger thirst. 1% 10% 25% 58% | 1% |
| By what route would a person in a moderate environment lose the greatest volume of water? Sweat Breathing Feces Urine | Urine |
| How does activation of the renin-angiotensin system affect electrolyte balance? | It stimulates release of aldosterone, which alters the handling of sodium and potassium by the kidneys. |
| What is the action of the hormone aldosterone? Increased reabsorption of sodium ions from kidney tubules Increased secretion of calcium ions into kidney tubules Increased kidney tubule permeability to water Increased reabsorption of potassium from kidney tubules | Increased reabsorption of sodium ions from kidney tubules |
| What is a stimulus for release of aldosterone? Increasing potassium ion concentration Increasing blood osmolarity Increasing sodium ion concentration Increasing calcium ion concentration | Increasing potassium ion concentration |
| In response to the action of__________, sodium ions are conserved and potassium ions are excreted in the urine. atrial natriuretic peptide angiotensin aldosterone antidiuretic hormone | aldosterone |
| Which of the following would be most helpful in treating hypocalcemia? Removing the parathyroid glands Ingesting calcium salts and high doses of vitamin D Stimulating calcium excretion by the kidneys Avoiding foods that are high in calcium | Ingesting calcium salts and high doses of vitamin D |
| Which of the following processes releases hydrogen ions into body fluids? Respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis Aerobic respiration of glucose Production of carbonic acid Conversion of monohydrogen phosphate ions to dihydrogen phosphate | Aerobic respiration of glucose |
| How do buffer systems minimize pH changes? By converting weak acids to strong acids By converting strong acids to weak acids By increasing breathing rate By promoting the excretion of hydrogen ions | By converting strong acids to weak acids |
| Increased carbon dioxide production is associated with a(n)__________ in fluid pH. decrease increase | decrease |
| Which of the following is a physiological buffer? Bicarbonate buffer Phosphate buffer Protein buffer Renal mechanism | Renal mechanism |
| Which of the following will cause the respiratory center to increase the breathing rate? Decrease in plasma concentration of carbonic acid Decrease in plasma pH Increase in plasma osmolarity Increase in plasma concentration of bicarbonate ion | Decrease in plasma pH |
| How does the respiratory system function as a physiological buffer? | By changing breathing rate, the PCO2 of the blood is changed, leading to a change in blood pH. |
| What blood pH occurs with the condition called acidosis? above 7.45 7.35 to 7.45 below 7.35 | below 7.35 |
| What blood pH occurs with the condition called alkalosis? Above 7.45 7.35 to 7.45 Below 7.35 | Above 7.45 |
| How is a strong acid different from a weak acid? Strong acids ionize more completely than weak acids. Strong acids release hydrogen ions into solution; weak acids release hydroxide ions (OH-). Strong acids release hydroxide ions (OH-) into solution; weak acids release hydrogen ions. Strong acids partially ionize; weak acids ionize more completely. | Strong acids ionize more completely than weak acids. |
| Prolonged vomiting of stomach contents can lead to__________. metabolic alkalosis metabolic acidosis respiratory alkalosis respiratory acidosis | metabolic alkalosis |
| What acid-base imbalance results from hyperventilation? Respiratory acidosis Respiratory alkalosis Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis | Respiratory alkalosis |
| What is meant by the phrase acid-base balance? Maintenance of the correct amount of bicarbonate ion in the blood Maintenance of the correct amount of carbonic acid in the blood Maintenance of the correct amount of hydrogen ion in the blood Maintenance of the correct amount of carbon dioxide in the blood | Maintenance of the correct amount of hydrogen ion in the blood |
| What process can compensate for respiratory alkalosis? Increase in breathing rate Increase in secretion of bases by the kidneys Decrease in breathing rate Increase in secretion of hydrogen ion by the kidneys | Increase in secretion of bases by the kidneys |
| What is the function of a diuretic? To promote urine production To increase sodium reabsorption from the kidneys To increase glucose secretion into kidney tubules To increase potassium reabsorption from the kidneys | To promote urine production |
| A water imbalance called hypotonic hydration can lead to__________. hyponatremia diminished diuresis heatstroke excessive thirst | excessive thirst |
| Dehydration can be caused by__________. excessive water intake prolonged sleep deprivation prolonged vomiting or prolonged diarrhea obstruction of airways | prolonged vomiting or prolonged diarrhea |
| In the phosphate buffer system, which compound is the weak base? H+ HPO4-2 H2PO4- | HPO4-2 |
| What role can ammonia (NH3) play in acid-base balance? In renal tubules, it can buffer excess H+. In intracellular fluid, it can release H+ when pH gets too high. In the tissues, it can bind carbon dioxide so that CO2 is unable to undergo the bicarbonate reaction, lowering tissue pH. In red blood cells, the presence of ammonia enhances the rate of ionization of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ion and H+. | In renal tubules, it can buffer excess H+. |
| What is edema? A response to dehydration Hyperproteinemia Abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid Decreased venous pressure | Abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid |
| Which of the following can result in hypernatremia? Hypothermia Insufficient ADH secretion Excessive fluid intake Excessive use of antacids | Insufficient ADH secretion |
| What is an effect of hypokalemia? Severe arrhythymias Acne Excessive sweating Diabetes insipidus | Severe arrhythymias |
| What components of amino acids are important in the protein buffer system? Amino groups and R groups Amino and carboxyl groups Monocarbonate and bicarbonate groups Monohydrogen phosphate and dihydrogen phosphate groups | Amino and carboxyl groups |
| Why are the chemical buffers considered the first line of defense against shifts in pH? They have fewer components than other regulators of pH. They are slow to react and have prolonged effects. They occur in everyone. They can rapidly correct pH change. | They can rapidly correct pH change. |
| In the bicarbonate buffer system,__________ acts as a weak base. HCO3- CO2 H2CO3 H+ | Bicarbonate ion, HCO3 acids |
Created by:
RobisonS