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PARA
INTESTINAL CESTODES
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Phylum is composed of two parasitic classes: | ⚫ TREMATODA ⚫ CESTODA |
| ⚫ TREMATODA ✓ | Flukes |
| ⚫ CESTODA ✓ | Tapeworms |
| False Tapeworm | PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA |
| True Tapeworm | CYCLOPHYLLIDEA |
| Long, flat, and ribbon-like | CESTODES |
| CESTODES Important parts include: | ⚫ ROSTELLUM ⚫ SCOLEX ⚫ PROGLOTTIDS ⚫ CYSTICERCOID (INFECTIVE STAGE) |
| - for the attachment by the use of hooks that penetrates in the intestinal mucosa. | ROSTELLUM |
| may have hooks/hooklets. | ROSTELLUM |
| - crown of the scolex. | ROSTELLUM |
| - head; functions as an ANCHORING ORGAN that attaches to intestinal mucosa | SCOLEX |
| contains the SUCKERS (for intestinal mucosa attachment). | SCOLEX |
| - important for reproduction as the adult worm matures. | PROGLOTTIDS |
| - segments of the cestode | PROGLOTTIDS |
| entire body of an adult cestode | PROGLOTTIDS |
| formed via budding strobila (chain of proglottids) | PROGLOTTIDS |
| (chain of proglottids). | strobila |
| Anterior proglottids): | immature |
| Middle proglottids | mature |
| Near Posterior proglottids: | gravid |
| - equipped with male and female organs. | PROGLOTTIDS |
| - hermaphroditic (self-fertilizing). | PROGLOTTIDS |
| cestodes may absorb nutrients and excrete waste via | tegument. |
| Spoon-shaped with bothria (sucking grooves); hooklets absent | SCOLEX - False Tapeworm |
| Rostellum with or without hooklets. | SCOLEX - True Tapeworm |
| (Anapolytic) nonshedding segments | STROBILA - False Tapeworm |
| Apolytic) sheds segments. | STROBILA - True Tapeworm |
| False Tapeworm EX | D. latum |
| True Tapeworm EX | Taenia spp |
| - larval stages in the tissues of intermediate hosts. | CYSTICERCOID (INFECTIVE STAGE) |
| INTESTINAL CESTODES (7) | ✓ Taenia saginata ✓ Taenia solium ✓ Hymenolepis nana ✓ Hymenolepis diminuta ✓ Raillietina garrisoni ✓ Dipylidium caninum ✓ Diphylobothrium latum |
| (BEEF TAPEWORM) | Taenia saginata |
| Taenia saginata (BEEF TAPEWORM) Definitive hosts: | humans |
| 3rd Taenia species that is related to T. saginata | Taenia asiatica (ASIAN TAPEWORM) |
| (ASIAN TAPEWORM) | Taenia asiatica |
| Cannot manifest cysticercosis infection. | Taenia saginata (BEEF TAPEWORM) |
| (PORK TAPEWORM) | Taenia solium |
| Taenia solium (PORK TAPEWORM) Definitive and Intermediate hosts: | humans |
| INTERMEDIATE HOSTS : T. saginata | Cattle |
| INTERMEDIATE HOSTS : T. solium | Pigs |
| SCOLEX - SPHERICAL with 4 acetabula (suckers) | Taenia solium |
| SCOLEX - CUBOIDAL with 4 acetabula (suckers) | Taenia saginata |
| ROSTELLUM IN Taenia solium | Present, cushion-like |
| ROSTELLUM IN Taenia saginata | Absent |
| NUMBER OF SEGMENTS - 800 - 1,000 and WIDER | Taenia solium |
| NUMBER OF SEGMENTS - 1,000 - 4,000 and LONGER | Taenia saginata |
| Ovoidal, milky white, fluid-filled cystic. | CYSTICERCI |
| CYSTICERCI Cyst may survive up to | 5 years |
| Cysticercus bovis: | T. saginata |
| Cysticercus cellulosae: | T. solium (Measly pork) |
| (INFECTIVE STAGE OF CYSTICERCOSIS) | EGGS |
| Contains the oncosphere | EGGS (INFECTIVE STAGE OF CYSTICERCOSIS) |
| only infects the SMALL intestine of a human. | Taeniasis |
| In the human intestine, the cysticercus develop over ? months into an adult tapeworm which can survive for years. | 2 |
| ✓ Obstruction of bile, pancreatic ducts, and appendix (due to motile proglottids) | T. saginata: |
| ✓ No obstruction | T. solium: |
| - most serious manifestation | NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS |
| cysticerci often multiply and may occur in any organ/tissue | CYSTICERCOSIS |
| DIAGNOSIS | TAENIASIS: |
| INK USED | INDIA INK |
| 15-20 tree-like branches: | T. saginata |
| 7-13 dendritic or fingerlike branches: | T. solium |
| TREATMENT ⚫ TAENIASIS - T. saginata | Praziquantel |
| TREATMENT ⚫ TAENIASIS - T. solium | Praziquantel + Niclosamide: |
| TREATMENT FOR CYSTICERCOSIS | ✓ Praziquantel ✓ Albendazole |
| PREVENTION & CONTROL - ✓ Freezing - | 20oC for 10 days - kills cysticerci. |
| Smallest tapeworm infecting humans. | Hymenolepis nana (DWARF TAPEWORM) |
| (DWARF TAPEWORM) | Hymenolepis nana ( |
| Only parasite that complete its entire life cycle in a single host; does not require obligatory intermediate host. | Hymenolepis nana (DWARF TAPEWORM) |
| Intermediate hosts may not be needed. | Hymenolepis nana (DWARF TAPEWORM) |
| (RAT RAPEWORM) | Hymenolepis diminuta |
| ◼ Accidental parasite for humans. ◼ Requires intermediate host. | Hymenolepis diminuta (RAT RAPEWORM) |
| Hymenolepis nana - SCOLEX | Sublobular with 4 cupshaped suckers |
| Hymenolepis diminuta - SCOLEX | Rudimentary |
| - conspicuous bipolar thickenings WITH FILAMENTS | Hymenolepis nana - OVA |
| - bipolar thickenings WITHOUT filaments. | Hymenolepis diminuta |
| ➢ Hymenolepis nana ✓ Definitive hosts: | humans and rats |
| ➢ Hymenolepis nana ✓ Intermediate hosts: | arthropods; flour beetles (Terebrio spp.) |
| ➢ Hymenolepis nana - flour beetles | (Terebrio spp.) |
| ➢ Hymenolepis diminuta ✓ Accidental hosts: | humans |
| ➢ Hymenolepis diminuta ✓ Definitive hosts: | rats |
| ➢ Hymenolepis diminuta ✓ Intermediate hosts: | arthropods/insects (flour beetles, cockroaches) |
| Life span of adult worms: OF Hymenolepis nana | 4-6 weeks |
| PATHOGENESIS & CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF Hymenolepis | HYMENOLEPIASIS |
| TREATMENT OF Hymenolepis | PRAZIQUANTEL |
| (RAT TAPEWORM) | Raillietina garrisoni |
| Raillietina garrisoni - SCOLEX | Sobglobular, 4 acetabula |
| ROSTELLUM - 2 alternating/circular rows of 90- 140 HAMMER-shaped hooks | Raillietina garrisoni |
| NUMBER OF OVA PER GRAVID - 200-400 egg capsules with 1-4 SPINDLE-shaped eggs | Raillietina garrisoni |
| Raillietina garrisoni ➢ Definitive hosts: | rats |
| Raillietina garrisoni ➢ Intermediate hosts: | flour beetle (Tribolium confusum) |
| Raillietina garrisoni - flour beetle | (Tribolium confusum) |
| Raillietina garrisoni - TREATMENT | ⚫ PRAZIQUANTEL ⚫ WORMS MAY PASS WITHOUT TREATMENT |
| (DOUBLE-PORED DOG TAPEWORM) | Dipylidium caninum |
| ◼ Accidental parasite in humans. ◼ Requires intermediate host. | Dipylidium caninum (DOUBLE-PORED DOG TAPEWORM) |
| Known to be “PUMPKIN SEED tapeworm” | Dipylidium caninum |
| ROSTELLUM - Protrusible, club-shaped, 1-7 rows of rose THORN-shaped hooklets/spines | Dipylidium caninum |
| SEGMENTS - Bilateral genital pores | Dipylidium caninum |
| ✓ Thin-shelled with HEXACANTH embryo | Dipylidium caninum OVA |
| Dipylidium caninum ➢ Definitive hosts: | ✓ Dogs or cats |
| Dipylidium caninum ➢ Intermediate hosts: | ✓ Ctenocephalides canis (dog flea) ✓ Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea) ✓ Prulex irritans (human flea) ✓ Trichodectes canis (dog louse) |
| (dog flea) | Ctenocephalides canis |
| (cat flea) | Ctenocephalides felis |
| (human flea) | Prulex irritans |
| (dog louse | Trichodectes canis |
| Dipylidium caninum - PATHOGENESIS & CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS | DIPYLIDIASIS |
| ◼ Proglottids: ✓ Pumpkin seed shape ✓ Passed out singly or chains | Dipylidium caninum |
| Dipylidium caninum - TREATMENT (3) | ⚫ PRAZIQUANTEL - treatment of choice. - 5-10 mg/kg ⚫ NICLOSAMIDE ⚫ PAROMOMYCIN |
| (BROAD FISH TAPEWORM) | Diphyllobothrium latum |
| Largest tapeworm of man. | Diphyllobothrium latum (BROAD FISH TAPEWORM) |
| Phyllo means “ | “leaf.” |
| SEGMENTS - Rosette-like coiled uterus; | Diphyllobothrium latum |
| Develops in water and will transition as coracidium | Diphyllobothrium latum OVA |
| Ciliated embryo, free swimming. | CORACIDIUM |
| Ingested by 1st intermediate host. | CORACIDIUM |
| In 1st intermediate host | PROCERCOID: |
| AKA sparganum | PLEROCERCOID: |
| PLEROCERCOID: AKA | sparganum |
| ✓ In 2nd intermediate host. | PLEROCERCOID: |
| ✓ AKA sparganum ✓ Infective stage ✓ In 2nd intermediate host. | PLEROCERCOID: |
| Diphyllobothrium latum Intermediate hosts: ❖ 1 st: | COPEPODS |
| Diphyllobothrium latum Intermediate hosts: ❖ 2nd: | FRESHWATER & BRACKISH WATER FISH |
| Diphyllobothrium latum ➢ Paratenic hosts: | ❖ Carnivorous fish ✓ Perch, trout, salmon, pike |
| Diphyllobothrium latum ➢ Definitive hosts: | ✓ Humans ✓ Dogs ✓ Cats ✓ Other mammals |
| Diphyllobothrium latum PATHOGENESIS & CLINICAL MANIFESTATION | DIPHYLLOBOTHRIASIS |
| - usually limited to one worm. - multiple = obstruction - digestive discomfort - megaloblastic anemia | DIPHYLLOBOTHRIASIS |
| - can be confused with pernicious anemia. | MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA |
| - macrocytic, hyperchromic - thrombocytopenia, leukopenia - completes with host’s vitamin B12 (RBC maturation). - B12 deficiency | MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA |
Created by:
blues1234