Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
CHEMISTRY FINAL
Memorize all the chemicals so you dont mix 'em up and bomb this exam.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the difference between a GROUP and a PERIOD on the periodic table? | Group= column. Period=row. |
| What is the charge of elements in group 1 f the periodic table (Alkali Metals)? | +1 |
| What is the charge of elements in Group 2 of the periodic table (Alkaline Earth Metals)? | +2 |
| What is the charge of elements in Group 13 of the periodic table? | +3 |
| What is the charge of elements in Group 14 of the periodic table (Carbon Family)? | +4/-4 |
| What is the charge of elements in Group 15 of the periodic table? | -3 |
| What is the charge of elements in Group 16 of the Periodic Table (the chalcogens)? | -2 |
| What is the charge of elements in Group 17 of the periodic table? (halogens)? | -1 |
| What is the charge of elements in Group 18 of the periodic table? (Noble Gasses)? | ZERO (they are neutral elements) |
| What are the characteristics of a COMBINATION CHEMICAL REACTION? | Two molecules come together to make one molecule (Ex: H2 + O-> H2O) |
| What are the chracteristics of a DECOMPOSITION REACTION? | One larger molecule is torn apart into a number of smaller molecules. (Ex H2O -> H2 + O2) |
| What are the characteristics of a COMBUSTION REACTION? | Starts with a hydrocarbon (something with hydrogen and carbon) reacting with oxygen to create water, Carbon Dioxide and heat. (Ex: CH4 + 2O2---> CO2 + H2O) |
| Whats the difference between a particle, atom, compound and molecule? | Atoms=One singular element. Molecule=Two or more atoms together. Compound= Two or more mlecules together. Particle=Overarching term for everything chemistry |
| What are the characteristics of a SINGLE-REPLACEMENT REACTION? | When a molecule and an atom react with one another, and the secondary atom of the mlecule switches partners (Steal ya girl reaction, ex: A + BC ---> AC + B) |
| What are the characteristics of a DOUBLE-REPLACEMENT REACTION? | When two molecules switch composition, and trade partners (Ex: AB + CD --> AC + BD, the atom with more electronegativity/rizz gets new atom) |
| what does the law of conservation of mass state? | That (in an isolated system, meaning matter/energy can't leave or enter) no mass is lost in a chemical reaction, so reactants and products should always add up to the same mass. (Ex: 5g + 15g ----> 10g + 10g) |
| What does the law of conservatin of energy state? | That (in an isolated system, meaning matter/energy can't leave or enter) no energy is lost in a chemical reaction, |
| How can you convert MOLES into MASS (grams)? | Using molar mass in stoich |
| What is molar mass? | The amunt of grams a product weighs per mole. Is a ratio of grams per mole. |
| When finding the molar mass of a molecule (like H2O, for example), what do you do? | Add up the molar mass of each atom individually, readding for every coefficent/subscript. So H2O is really the molar mass of H + H + O). |
| How do you convert between AMOUNTS of two chemicals using stoichiometry? | Using the MOLE/MOLAR ratio. Or essentially, using the coefficents of the chemicals youre converting between when in a balanced chemical equation |
| How can you identitfy the limiting reactnant in a chemical equation? | Set all of the reactants equal to one of the products (the same product everytime) in moles. Whichever number is SMALLEST is the limiting reactant. |
| How can you find the number of PARTICLES(atoms or molecules) are in a mole of a substance (Avagadro's Number)? | There are always 6.023 × 10^23 particles per mole. |
| Are compounds containing group one elements soluble or insoluble? | SOLUBLE |
| Generally, are compounds containing NH4 (ammonia) soluble or insoluble? | SOLUBLE |
| Generally, are salts containing a NO3 (nitrates) ion soluble or insoluble? | Soluble |
| What are the only two soluble silver compounds? | AgNO3 and Ag(C2H3O2) |
| What are the only insoluble sulfate compounds? | CaSO4, BaSO4, PbSO4, Ag2SO4 and SrSO4 . |
| What are the INSOLUBLE hydroxide compounds? | Anything with a transition metal, Al(OH), |
| Are sulfides with transition metals generally soluble or insoluble? | Insoluble |
| Are Carbonates with Group II elements soluble or insoluble? | INSOLUBLE |
| Generally, are carbonate compounds soluble or insoluble? | Insoluble |
| Are phosphate compounds generally soluble or insoluble? | Insoluble |
| Are fluorides generally soluble or insoluble? | INSOLUBLE |
| Are perchlorate compounds soluble or insoluble? | SOLUBLE? |
| What is the way to remember which compounds are always soluble? | N.A.G. S.A.G. (Nitrates, acetates, group 1, sulfates, ammonium, group 17 besides flouride not with group 1) |
| What are the EXCEPTIONS to generally soluble compounds? | 1.Lead, Mercury, and Silver (PMS) are never soluble with sulfates or group 17, and Ca, Sr, et Ba (Group 2 guys, Castro Bear) are never soluble with sulfates. |
| How do we know if a Double-Replacement Reaction WILL or WONT occur? | Using solubilitiy rules. A double-replacement reaction qill result in ONE aqueous solution and ONE solid (precipitate). If it doesn't, it doesnt work. |
| What is ALWAYS the charge of Zinc Metal? | +2 |
| What does STP stand for? | "Standard Temperature and Pressure" |
| What is STP (In Celsius and atm)? | 0 degrees celcius and 1 atm. |
| What is the gas laws CONVERSION FACTOR at STP? | There are 22.4 liters of ANY gas per mole |
| What does BOYLE'S LAW state (gas laws)? | P1V1=P2V2 (P=pressure, v=volume). States that pressure and volume are inversely related. |
| What does CHARLES' LAW state (gas laws)? | V1/T1=V2/T2. (v=volume, t=temperature) States that temperature and volume are directly proportional. |
| What does GAY LUSSAC'S LAW state (gas laws)? | P1/T1=P2/T2. (p=pressure, t=tempature). States that pressure and temperature are directly proprtional. |
| What is the COMBINED GAS LAW equation (gas laws)? | (P1V1)/T1=(P2V2)/T2 |
| What is DALTON'S LAW of partial pressure (two equations for gasses)? | 1. Total pressure= all partial pressures added together.. 2=Partial pressure of an element= mole fractin of element (shown as X, is moles of specific element over moles of totaly mixture) times pressure of whole system. |
| What are the conversion rates to convert between measurements of pressure? | 1 ATM= 760 torr, 760 mmHg, 101.3 KPa, 14.7 psi |
| What are the two definitions of pressure? | 1. # number of collisions/set time. 2.Force/area |
| What does each symbol stand for in PV=nRT (gas laws)? | P=pressure. V=Volume IN LITERS. n=Number of MOLES of a substance. R=gas constant. T=Temperature IN KELVIN |
| What are the gas constants (R values) in all the different pressure scales? | atm=0.0821. kPA =8.314. torr/mmHg=62.36 |
| How can you convert between Celsius and Kelvin (temperature)? | Kelvin = (Degrees in Celsius) + 273.15 |
| What is ENTHALPY (thermodynamics)? | How much total energy (usually heat) is in a system/reaction |
| What is the Enthalpy equation? | H = E + PV (H= enthalpy, E= internal energy) |
| What is ENTROPY (thermodynamics)? | The degree of unsureness in a system. Bascially the randomness of atoms movement and how spread out they are. |
| How can you calculate the change in heat of a system (q)? | q=mcAT (q=change in heat, m=mass, c=specific heat AT= change in temperatire, final-initial). Heat leaving=-q, and negative q is alwayyys equal to q. |
| What are the factors that impact the rate of a reaction? | Temperature, concentration, particle size, and presence of a catalyst |
| What is SPECIFIC HEAT? | The amount of heat is needed to raise one gram of substance by one degree Celsius |
| What is the difference between heat and temperature? | Temperature= Measure of average kinetic energy. Heat=Flow of ENERGY of something with higher temp. to lower temp. |
| WHAT IS SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY??? | The amount of energy needed to raise an OBJECT by 1 degree Celsius. |
| What is the difference between an endothermic and exothermic reaction? | Endothermic=Heat is entering the system to make the reaction run. Feels cold. Exothermic=heat is exiting system to make reaction run. Feels warm. |
| What is the specific heat of water? | 4.18 |
| What are the INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES in order of weakest to strongest? | 1.London-Dispersion. 2.Dipole-Dipole. 3-Hydrogen Bonding |
| What is London Dispersion and what causes it? | LD is an attraction between two molecules caused by the electrons of the molecules shifting, randomly causing lacking equilibrium and for a moment creating an attraction. |
| What is a Dipole-Dipole interaction? | Dipole-Dipole is when electrons are not evenly distributed in a molecule, causing areas of high and low negativity. Theses "poles" of negativity cause attraction to other dipoles in other molecules, attaching at their most negative-positive ppts. |
| What is a Hydrogen Bond and WHY is it so strong? | Hydrogen bonding is when hydrogen covalently bonds to N, O, or F (really electronegative). Its so strong cause it causes a permanant, unmoving dipole. |
| What are the main characteristics of a solid? | 1.Definite volume and shape. 2.Atoms barely move, merely vibrate in place. |
| What are the main characteristics of a liquid? | 1. Definite volume but can change shape. 2.Atoms flowing, stay clsoe but like move around |
| What are the main characteristics of a gas? | 1. No definite shape or volume. 2.Atoms be GOING OFF and flinging around randomly. Little to no connections. |
| What is a HEATING CURVE? | Shows when an element changes states of matter. Lines goes up until a specific point, then straight, and up again to repeat at the next important point. |
| A liquid becoming a solid is called... | Freezing |
| A solid becoming a liquid is called... | Melting |
| A liquid becoming a gas is called... | Evaporation |
| A gas becoming a liquid is called... | Condensation |
| A solid becoming a gas is called... | Sublimation |
| A gas becoming a solid is called... | Deposition |
| What is the equation for molar enthalpy of vaporization/fusion? | q=nC (n=number of moles, C=heat of vaporization/fusion) |
| What is the heat of vaporization of water? | 40.65 kJ |
| What is the heat of fusion of water? | 6.01 kJ |
| What is the critical point in a phase change diagram? | The point where liquid and gas phases merge. Anything beyond this point is a supercritical fluid. |
| what is the triple point on a phase diagram? | The point where all 3 phases meet and coexist |
| What is the difference between a phase change diagram and a heating curve? | A phase change diagram takes pressure into account |
| At what temperature does water freeze/melt, and evaporate/condense? | Freeze/melt=0 Degrees Celsius. Condense/evaporate=100 degrees Celsius |
| What is DISSOCIATION? | When molecules break down int their smaller parts, legit dissasociate from one another. Usually happens to salts and ionics. |
| What is the formula for MOLARITY? | Moles of solute/ Liters of solvent. |
| What is the percent by volume formula? | (Liters of solute/ Liters of solvent) x 100 |
| What is the percent by mass formula? | (Mass of substance/total mass) x 100 |
| What is solubility? | The ability of a substance to dissolve |
| What is POLARITY (or a polar molecule)? | The seperation of electric charges, making a stark negative and positive side. Polar molecules have uneven electron distribution, so they have opposing charges. |
| What affects the rate at which solutes dissolve? | Surface area, stirring, temperature. |
| What is the relationship between temperature and solubility? | Solid/Liquid= temperature up, solubility up. Gasses=Temperature up, solubility descreases. |
| What does it mean for a substance to be saturated? | There is the max amount of solute in the solvent that can be dissolved. |
| What does it mean for a substance to be unsaturated? | There is less than the max amount of solute in the solvent that can be dissolved. |
| What does it mean for a substance to be supersaturated? | There is more than the max amount of solute in the solvent that can be dissolved. |
| What is a SOLUBILITY CURVE? | That graph with all the lines of chemicals. Shows how much can be dissolved at a given temp. |
| How does enthalpy show if a reaction is exo or endothermic? | Negative H=exothermic. Positive H=endothermic |
| What is the standard temperature for thermodynamic processes? | 25 Degrees celsius. |
| What is HESS'S LAW? | Net change in enthalpy (of multiple reactions) =sum in the change of enthalpy reactions |
| If you reverse a thermodynamic reaction you have to... | Flip the sign of the enthalpy. |
| What is a CATALYST? | Something that speeds up a reaction (lowers activation energy) |
| What does collision theroy state? | A chemical reaction can ONLY occur when particles hit each other the right way |
| what is an equilibrium constant? | Thats your Keq value, is bascially rate of exchange during equilibrium |
| What is the formula for the equilibrium constant? | (molarity of products multiplied together)^coefficents/ {molarity of reactants multiplied together)^coefficents |
| How can you identify equilibrium in a graph? | When amount both reactants and products (the lines) are no longer changing |
| What does "Le Chatlier's Principle" state? | if a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing the conditions, the position of equilibrium shifts to counteract the change to reestablish an equilibrium |
| If concentration changes in equilibrium, how will the favor of equilibrium change? | The one unaffected by the concentration change will now be affected |
| If pressure changes in equilibrium, how will the favor of equilibrium change? | The side with the amount of moles (coefficents added together) oposite to what is happening is affected (for example, increase means less moles, decrease means more moles). |
| If temperature changes in equilibrium, how will the favor of equilibrium change? | The side in which energy/heat is used is always affected, either lowered or heightened. |
| What is a REVERSIBLE REACTION? | When reactants are making products WHILE products are making reactions. |
| What makes a strong acid/base? | COMPLETELY (100%) ionizing in water |
| What is the bronsted lowry base/acid theroy? | Anything that can accept a proton is a base, and anything that can give a proton is an acid. |
| What is the format of a NEUTRALIZATION REACTION? | Acid + base ---> water + salt. |
| What is the ATOMIC NUMBER? | Nuumber of protons in an element |
| What is the MASS NUMBER of an element? | Number of protons + neutrons. |
| What is VALENCE ELECTRON? | Electrons in the most outermost orbit. The furthest ones that be causing reactions. |
| What is COLOMB'S LAW? | Opposite charges attract, same repel, and the closer/bigger they are, the stronger the force |
| What is the OCTET RULE? | Atoms are most stable with 8 electrons. they are constantly looking to get 8. |
| What is an ION? | An atom with a charge |
| What is a Cation (meow)? | An ion that is pawsssitively charged |
| What is an anion? | A negatively charged ion. |
| What is electronegativity? | The pull an atom has on other electrons when in a covalent bond. Bascially how "attractive" the atom is (the nice guy never wins) |
| What is IONIZATION ENERGY? | The energy required to remove an electron from an atom |
| What is the Atomic Radius? | The size of the entire atom |
| What is a PURE SUBSTANCE? | A substance that can not be broken down any further than it is...so bascially an element |
| What is a "Mixture"? | Multiple pure substances just thrown together |
| What is the difference between a HOMOGENOUS and HETEROGENOUS MIXTURE? | Homo=Mixture where you can NOT see the seperate parts (like salt water). HETERO=Mixture where you can see seperate parts (like trail mix) |
| What is an ELEMENT? | A single type of atom (can be bonded or not, but only to itself) |
| What is a compound? | Multiple elements bonded together |
| What is the formula for DENSITY? | Density=mass/volume (DMV). Its unit is g/cm^3 OR over liters |
| When multiplying/dividing, your answer shuld have how many sig figs? | The same number as the number with the least amount of sig figs in the problem |
| What are some examples of PHYSICAL PROPERTIES? | Color, size, and malebility. Example (of physcial changes):Cutting paper and boiling water |
| What are some examples of CHEMICAL PROPERTIES? | Reactivity and flammibility. Example (Of chemical changes):Burning wood +metal rusting |
| Whats the difference between a CHEMICAL and PHYSICAL change? | Chemical rearranges atoms and CHANGES what you have in front of you. You will end with a new substance. In phsycial changes, apperance in only changed, but it is still the same substance. |
| How do you know if something is a metal, semimetal, or nonmetal based on the periodic table? | Metals=Almost entire table, on the left side of the "stairway". Non-metals: right side of the "stair way". Semi-metals: On "stairway", starting with Boron and going diagonally downards. This stairway seperates metals from nonmetals |
| How do you do a PERCENT ABUDANCE PROBLEM? | (percent abudance in decimal from x amount of atom)+(percent abudance in decimal from x amount of atom)...=molar mass of element |
| How do you complete an ALPHA DECAY? | Starting element--->(helium, 4 mass on top and 2 protons on bottom) + (new element). The new element is found by subtracting the values of helium (the 4 and 2) from the corresponding values of the original element. |
| How do you complete a BETA DECAY? | Starting element--->(e, 0 mass on top and -1 protons on bottom) + (new element). The new element is found by subtracting the values of e (the 0 and -1) from the corresponding values of the original element |
| Do WAVELENGTH and ENERGY have a direct or inverse relationship? | Inverse |
| Do WAVELENGTH and FREQUENCY have a direct or inverse relationship? | Inverse |
| Do ENERGY and FREQUENCY have a direct or inverse relationship? | Direct |
| In electromagnetic waves, when does speed change? | NEVER. Speed always stays the same. |
| What is the formula to solve for wavelength? | λ = wave speed/frequency. |
| What is the constant for speed in electromagnetic equations? | 3 x 10^8. |
| What is the unit of measurement for FREQUENCY? | Hertz (Hz) |
| What is the unit of measurement for WAVELENGTH? | Metre (m) |
| When an electron relaxes back to ground state (ges back to its orignal orbital after moving up), what happens? | It emits a PHOTON- and makes light :) |
| What are the four orbitals and their shape? | S oribta (closest to nucleus)l-Sphere. P oribtal-dumbell. D orbital-clover F oribtal-Flower |
| How can you find out how many valence electrons an element has? | Valence electrons=last number of atoms GROUP NUMBER |
| What is the order for electron configuration? | 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p... |
| How do you complete a Noble Gas Notation for electron configuration? | 1.Find the element your confirguring, go DOWN a row and all the way to the Noble Gasses. Write that gas down. Then continue on nt doing everything that gas covers |
| How can you tell where a electron configuration should END? | Its row is the number it should end on. If its on the furthermost left block itll end with an "S", in the middle section (transition metals) itll end with a d, and if its with the gasses, it'll end with a "p" |
| What is HUND'S Rule for electron configuration? | When creating a diagram for electron configuration (the arrow thing) always finish placing in open spots before pairing. |
| What is the PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE for electron configuration? | That paired electrons must have opposite spins (arrows go different ways) |
| What is the trend for ATOMIC RADII on the periodic table? | The lower and more left an element is on the table, the bigger the radius. |
| What is the trend for ELECTRONEGATIVITY on the periodic table? | The higher and more right and element is, the more electronegativity. |
| What is the trend for IONIZATION ENERGY on the periodic table? | The higher and more right and element is, the more electronegativity. |
| How does becoming a cation/anion affect atom's atomic radius? | Cation=becomes smaller. Anion=becomes larger |
| What is the ONLY THING THAT determines an atom's identity? | The number of protons |
| What kind of atoms form IONIC BONDS together? | A non-metal and a metal (transferring electrons) |
| What kind of atoms form COVALENT BONDS together? | 2 non-metals or a non-metal and a metaloid. (shared electrons) |
| When naming covalent bonds, what are the rules? | Put a prefix before the first gas (mono ,di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca) and then name other gas with "ide" at the end (however, if its specifically one oxygen, add "mono") |
| When naming an IONIC compound, what are the rules? | Name transition metal with charge in roman numerals, and then gas with "ide" at the end. If its NOT a transition metal, just say the regular name. |
| What are the characteristics of ionic compounds? | High melting/boiling points, conduct electricity well, hard, brittle, usually crystaline, |
| What are the characteristics of covalent compounds? | Usually soft solids or gasses. Insoluble, Low melting/boiling point. |
| What are the 7 diatomic elements? | Br, I, N, Cl, H, O, F |
| What is the PERCENT YIELD FORMULA? | (experimental)/(actual) x100 |
| What is percent error formula? | (experimental-actual)/actual |
| When will a sigle replacement reaction NOT occur? | When the element coming in is NOT more reactvtive than the one already there. |
| What are the reactivity trends on the periodic table? | Metal reactivity= decreases from left to right across periods and increases down groups. nonmetallic characteristics increases from left to right and decreases down groups. |
| How do you calculate internal energy changes (just for a system)? | Internal energy change= energy transfered (q) + work done |
| What is the difference between work done BY a system and work done ON a system (Thermodynamics)? | By=negative number. On=positive number |
| In thermodynamics, if two substances reach equilibrium, what does that mean of their temperatures? | They will be EQUAL |
Created by:
razawisza