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Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?
Maintaining volume, pH, and composition of body fluids within normal ranges
Removal of excess chemicals
Removal of metabolic wastes
Synthesis of plasma proteins
Maintaining volume, pH, and composition of body fluids within normal ranges
Removal of excess chemicals
Removal of metabolic wastes
Synthesis of plasma proteins
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What are the organs of the urinary system?
The renal cortex, renal pelvis, and renal medulla.
The glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, the nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct.
The major and minor calyces, renal pelvis, and renal sinus.
The paired kidneys, paired ureters, a bladder and a urethra.
The renal cortex, renal pelvis, and renal medulla.
The glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, the nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct.
The major and minor calyces, renal pelvis, and renal sinus.
The paired kidneys, paired ureters, a bladder and a urethra.
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Practice 20
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys? Maintaining volume, pH, and composition of body fluids within normal ranges Removal of excess chemicals Removal of metabolic wastes Synthesis of plasma proteins | Synthesis of plasma proteins |
| What are the organs of the urinary system? The renal cortex, renal pelvis, and renal medulla. The glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, the nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct. The major and minor calyces, renal pelvis, and renal sinus. The paired kidneys, paired ureters, a bladder and a urethra. | The paired kidneys, paired ureters, a bladder and a urethra. |
| Which of the following chemicals might athletes abuse because of its potential ability to improve performance by increasing red blood cell production? ADH Erythropoietin (EPO) Aldosterone Urea | Erythropoietin (EPO) |
| Where are the paired kidneys located? In front of the stomach Behind the parietal peritoneum On either side of the urinary bladder Against the anterior wall of the abdominal cavity | Behind the parietal peritoneum |
| The renal corpuscle includes what two structures? Glomerulus and glomerular capsule Glomerulus and renal tubule Glomerular capsule and renal tubule Renal tubule and collecting tubule | Glomerulus and glomerular capsule |
| What is the correct sequence of renal tubule segments through which filtrate would flow? Proximal tubule, ascending limb of nephron loop, descending limb of nephron loop, distal tubule Distal tubule, ascending limb of nephron loop, descending limb of nephron loop, proximal tubule Proximal tubule, descending limb of nephron loop, ascending limb of nephron loop, distal tubule Collecting duct, proximal tubule, descending limb of nephron loop, ascending limb of nephron loop, distal tubule | Proximal tubule, descending limb of nephron loop, ascending limb of nephron loop, distal tubule |
| What is the sequence of blood flow through the kidneys? Renal artery, afferent arterioles, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries, glomerular capillaries, peritubular capillaries, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, efferent arterioles, renal vein Renal artery, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerular capillaries, efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, renal vein | Renal artery, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerular capillaries, efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, renal vein |
| A nephron consists of what structures? A renal corpuscle and a renal tubule An afferent and efferent arteriole A cortex and a medulla A bladder and a ureter | A renal corpuscle and a renal tubule |
| The renal medulla contains__________, whereas the renal cortex contains__________. renal pyramids; ureters from nephrons renal columns; renal pyramids and nephrons renal corpuscles; nephron loops renal pyramids; renal corpuscles | renal pyramids; renal corpuscles |
| A renal corpuscle is a__________, whereas a renal tubule is a__________. cluster of blood capillaries and glomerular capsule; highly coiled tubule exiting the glomerular capsule special blood cell in the kidneys; tubule that leads from the kidneys to the bladder storage area for urine; tubule that carries urine from the urinary bladder outside glandular structure that regulates blood pressure; blood vessel that regulates the flow of blood into the glomerulus | cluster of blood capillaries and glomerular capsule; highly coiled tubule exiting the glomerular capsule |
| Podocytes and pedicels are associated with what structure? Collecting duct Distal tubule Glomerular capsule Peritubular capillaries | Glomerular capsule |
| The first capillary bed associated with the nephron allows for__________. the filtration of blood the reabsorbtion of nutrients the adjustment of blood pH the reversal of blood flow | the filtration of blood |
| Once in the glomerular capsule, the filtrate then moves into the__________. renal pelvis minor calyx renal tubule ureter | renal tubule |
| You are dissecting a kidney in class and, after cutting a sagittal section through the kidney, decide to remove some of the lighter-colored inner structures near the superior end of the ureter. You remove a funnel-shaped sac that connects directly into the ureter, along with many tubes that converge to form the funnel-shaped sac. Which structures have you removed? Renal medulla and renal pyramids Renal pelvis and the calyces Renal cortex and the renal medulla Adrenal glands | Renal pelvis and the calyces |
| You are doing a dissection in class. You need to cut open a kidney, but first you must remove a tough, fibrous membrane covering it. What is this structure? Renal medulla Major calyx Renal cortex Renal capsule | Renal capsule |
| The reabsorption of glucose occurs primarily through the walls of the__________. glomerular capsule nephron loop proximal tubule distal tubule | proximal tubule |
| What occurs when plasma glucose concentration exceeds the renal plasma threshold? The glomerular filtration rate increases The volume of urine decreases Glucose is secreted into the peritubular capillary. Glucose appears in the urine. | Glucose appears in the urine. |
| When sodium ions are reabsorbed through the wall of the renal tubule by active transport, chloride ions are__________. reabsorbed by active transport reabsorbed by passive transport secreted by active transport secreted by passive transport | reabsorbed by passive transport |
| The countercurrent mechanism functions primarily in the__________. renal corpuscle proximal tubule distal tubule nephron loop | nephron loop |
| What would be the likely outcome if tubular reabsorption in the nephron did not occur? Accumulation of toxic waste Excessive loss of fluids Cessation of urination Excessive retention of electrolytes and glucose | Excessive loss of fluids |
| The hormone ADH promotes water reabsorption through the wall(s) of the__________. distal tubule and collecting duct proximal tubule and collecting duct ascending limb of the nephron loop descending limb of the nephron loop | distal tubule and collecting duct |
| How and where are hydrogen ions secreted? Passively into the proximal tubule Passively from the distal tubule Actively into the entire renal tubule Actively from the distal tubule | Actively into the entire renal tubule |
| Which of the following would increase the rate of glomerular filtration? Decreased blood pressure Increased blood pressure Constriction of the afferent arteriole Dilation of the efferent arteriole | Increased blood pressure |
| The efferent arteriole is stimulated to vasoconstrict. What effect will this have on glomerular filtration rate? Glomerular filtration rate will increase. Glomerular filtration rate will decrease. Glomerular filtration will stop. | Glomerular filtration rate will increase. |
| A dye (with small, water-soluble particles) is injected into the renal artery and blood is then pumped artificially. A glomerulus and surrounding structures are then inspected for dye. Which structures and substances will contain dye? Afferent arteriole only Afferent arteriole, glomerular capsule, and efferent arteriole only Afferent arteriole, glomerular capsule, efferent arteriole, and urine Afferent arteriole, glomerular capsule, and urine only | Afferent arteriole, glomerular capsule, efferent arteriole, and urine |
| At which structure can water reabsorption be adjusted as needed by the body? Proximal tubule Descending limb of the nephron loop Glomerular capsule Collecting duct | Collecting duct |
| Liam is a body builder and frequently consumes protein powder as part of his fitness regimen. He consumes more protein than his body actually uses. What happens to the excess protein? It is filtered through the glomerular capillary into the glomerular capsule and into the nephron, where it is finally excreted in the urine. It is broken down into urea by the liver, which is then filtered into the glomerular capsule as well as secreted elsewhere in the nephron. | It is broken down into urea by the liver, which is then filtered into the glomerular capsule as well as secreted elsewhere in the nephron. |
| Which of the following is a normal constituent of urine? Glucose Creatinine Large proteins Blood | Creatinine |
| Which choice describes the countercurrent mechanism of the nephron loop? Water moves out of the ascending limb; sodium moves into the ascending limb Water moves into the ascending limb; sodium moves out of the ascending limb Water moves out of the descending limb; sodium moves out of the ascending limb Water moves into the descending limb; sodium moves out of the descending limb | Water moves out of the descending limb; sodium moves out of the ascending limb |
| Barbara has a condition called gout. The inflammation and pain in her joints is due to excess__________ in her plasma, which leads to crystal deposits in her great toe joint. uric acid urea calcium ions amino acids | uric acid |
| As a result of very low arterial blood pressure, glomerular hydrostatic pressure__________ and filtration rate__________. increases; increases increases; decreases decreases; increases decreases; decreases | decreases; decreases |
| What is the function of the countercurrent mechanism in the nephron? It creates a highly concentrated interstitial fluid so that urine can be concentrated by the collecting ducts. It is a method to transport sodium in order to control sodium concentration in the blood. It keeps the volume of water lost in the urine relatively constant. It keeps interstitial fluid hydrated to maintain blood pressure. | It creates a highly concentrated interstitial fluid so that urine can be concentrated by the collecting ducts. |
| A fetus develops without macula densa in its nephrons. Which of the following will occur as a result? Loss of the ability to detect sodium, potassium, and chloride ions in the nephron loop and to secrete renin in response. Loss of renin secretion in response low blood pressure conditions. Loss of the ability of fluid to pass from the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman’s capsule. Loss of the ability to convert angiotensin I into angiotensin II. | Loss of the ability to detect sodium, potassium, and chloride ions in the nephron loop and to secrete renin in response. |
| Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex causes sodium ions to be__________ and potassium ions to be__________. excreted; conserved excreted; excreted conserved; conserved conserved; excreted | conserved; excreted |
| What is renal clearance? The rate at which water is excreted The rate at which ions are reabsorbed The rate at which substance are removed from the blood The rate at which substances are added to the blood | The rate at which substance are removed from the blood |
| An increase in glomerular osmotic pressure__________ the rate of glomerular filtration. increases decreases does not change has a variable effect on | decreases |
| What change in vessel diameter can result in an increase in the glomerular filtration rate? Vasodilation of the efferent arteriole. Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole only. Both vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole. Both vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole. | Both vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole. |
| The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates the filtration rate by__________. causing vasodilation of the peritubular capillaries causing vasoconstriction of the peritubular capillaries causing vasoconstriction of both the afferent and efferent arterioles causing increased osmotic pressure in the glomerular capsule | causing vasoconstriction of both the afferent and efferent arterioles |
| What is an adaptation of the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule that enhances reabsorption? Thin walls Rugae folds Secrete enzymes that activate absorption of substances Microscopic projections called microvilli | Microscopic projections called microvilli |
| A decrease in the glomerular capsule hydrostatic pressure will__________ the rate of glomerular filtration. increase decrease not change have a variable effect on | increase |
| How does the composition of glomerular filtrate differ from that of plasma? Filtrate contains many substances that are not present in plasma. Filtrate contains most of the same substances as plasma except for larger protein molecules. Filtrate has less water and fewer electrolytes than plasma. Filtrate has more uric acid and creatinine than plasma. | Filtrate contains most of the same substances as plasma except for larger protein molecules. |
| Choose the glomerular filtrate list that would indicate an improperly functioning glomerular filtration system. Phosphate, potassium, sodium, water Uric acid, creatinine, phosphate, sodium Correct Answer Water, large proteins, glucose, potassium Glucose, amino acids, creatine, urea, bicarbonate | Water, large proteins, glucose, potassium |
| Certain substances, like caffeine and citrus juices, are classified as diuretics. This means that they cause diuresis in the kidneys. What effect will diuretics have on the urinary system? They increase volume of urine excreted. They decrease volume of urine excreted. They increase amount of urea produced. They decrease GFR. | They increase volume of urine excreted. |
| Glomerular filtration produces about__________ liters of fluid in twenty-four hours. 40 96 144 180 | 180 |
| About how many liters of fluid will an average adult filter through both kidneys in two days? 180 250 360 540 | 360 |
| If glucose is not reabsorbed from the tubular fluid,__________ increases. hydrostatic pressure glomerular filtration rate sodium reabsorption the osmotic pressure | the osmotic pressure |
| Water channels in cell membranes formed by__________ are a result of ADH signaling in the kidneys. podocytes cytopores aquaporins pyrogens | aquaporins |
| What is a by-product of amino acid catabolism in the liver? Uric acid Urea Hydrochloric acid Water | Urea |
| What is the product of the metabolism of certain nucleic acid bases? Uric acid Urea Ammonia Water | Uric acid |
| Up to__________ of urea in tubular fluid is reabsorbed in the collecting ducts, only to be secreted into the ascending limb. 33% 55% 80% 100% | 80% |
| Chapter 20 Study Material J. Garrison |
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