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bio finals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ___ is no longer recommended in healthy men because it does not reduce the risk of death from prostate cancer. | PSA screening |
| When observing certain stages of cell division under a light microscope one can see DNA in its most compact form as it is separated into 2 individual cells. DNA that is in its most compact and condensed form is called... | A chromosome |
| Genomics in necessary in ongoing agricultural GMO efforts because ___ | genetic signatures need to be linked to traits |
| Genealogies are often traced using __ | mitochondrial genomics |
| ___ involves evaluating drug effectiveness using an individuals genomic sequence | Pharmacogenomics |
| Agricultural GMOs are developed to improve ___ | the quality of crops |
| Why is there often backlash and stigma about GMOs? | People believe GMOs are not safe |
| Define metagenomics | the study of the collective genomes of multiple species |
| ___ have been extensively used for expressing and studying the effects of recombinant genes and mutations. | Mice |
| Gene therapy can be used to introduce foreign DNA into cells ___ | of tissues to cure inheritable disease |
| if an organism receives foreign DNA from a different species through genetic manipulation, it is called___ | transgenic |
| Cellular cloning can be used to study ___ | asexual reproduction |
| northern blots are used to ___ | detect gene expression |
| A(n) ___ phylogenetic tree has a single lineage at the base | rooted |
| The ___ system uses hierarchical model for classification | Linnaean |
| ____ summarizes the evolution of various life forms on earth | A phylogenetic tree |
| If two species share a trait - such as birds' and bats' wings - they ___ | may have arisen under similar conditions without being related |
| ___ are the ratios of alleles with a population | Allele frequencies |
| ___ is the sum of various forces which may not all be adaptive | Evolution |
| Fossil evidence allows scientists to determine ___ | when organisms lived relative to each other |
| Evolution is fundamentally a ___ | change in gene variation over time |
| Typically, islands are ___ for increased evolutionary pressures | an ideal setting |
| Based on Charles Darwin's observations in the Galapagos Islands, why did tortoises in the Galapagos Islands have longer necks than in dry lowlands? | Those with long necks could reach more leaves and access more food than those with short necks. |
| In order to organisms to change over generations, there must first be ___ | genetic variation |
| One of the foundational concepts of natural selection was an essay on ___ | Human economic pressures |
| In order for __ to occur, genetic variation must already be present in a population. | natural selection |
| The flower color gene studied by Mendel affected three traits. This is an example of ___ | pleiotropic genes |
| Continuous variation traits are often ___ | polygenic, traits vary in small gradations |
| When studying a polygenic trait, the __ are often difficult to determine | effects and inheritance patterns of each gene |
| Environmental effects are important to assess because ___ | they can modify gene expression |
| The basis of epistatic gene relationships is often __ | pathway |
| In a pedigree, individuals with the condition under investigation are indicated by a ___ | colored - in shape |
| When investigating the genetics of a disease with no known cause, the medical teams use ___ to track the disease in families | pedigrees |
| When many alleles exist for the same gene, the less common types are ___ | variants |
| In order for all of a women's sons to have a particular X-linked disease, the women must be __ for the disease | homozygous |
| Identify the phenotype combinations that indicate co dominance. | MN blood types in humans |
| Reduce penetrance and variable expressitivity are both likely due to ___ | genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factoes |
| The genotype CrCw is an example of a(n) ___ trait | incomplete dominant |
| If tall stems is dominant to short stems in pansies, what type of stem will the offspring of a tall plant and a short plant have? | Tall |
| True-breeding individuals are __ for a characteristic | homozygous |
| Mendel's law of independent assortment tells us that ____ | genes for not influence each other with regards to sorting into alleles and every possibility of allele combinations in equally likely |
| Which is one of the seven characteristics that Mendel observed in pea plants? | seed texture |
| A ___ is designed to identify the dominant trait | testcross |
| A key feature of Mendel's experiments that allowed him to identify genetic principles was that he | studied a large number of plants through the F2 generation |
| DNA condensed inside cells by compacting around ____ | histones |
| In humans ___ are haploid | sperm |
| Chromosomes are duplicated during what part of the cell cycle? | S phase |
| Cell division is not complete until ___ , the physical separation of the daughter cells, occurs. | Cytokineses |
| __ repair occurs when a single nucleotide is replaced after DNA replication is complete | Mismatch |
| DNA is packed into prokaryotic cells by ___ | super coiling |
| The pairing of purine to pyrimidine is responsible for the ___ of a DNA double helix. | diameter |
| Induced mutations result from ____ | exposure to hazard such as a chemical |
| Mutations that are not repaired by cells become ____ | fixed |
| ___ mutations develop over an individual's life and are present in different cell.s. | Somatic |
| In order to change an observable characteristic of an organism, one would need to change the DNA ___ | sequence |
| The ____ of a chromosome are protected by the presence of telomeres | ends |
| The addition of new bases to a growing DNA strand is performed by DNA ____ | plymerase |
| According to Chargaff's rule. the amount of | adenine is the same amount of thymine |
| When many alleles exist for the same gene, the ___ types are variants | Less common |
| Which of the following statements is true of epistasis? | The expression of one gene may be masked by the expression of another |
| A recessive trait will be observed in individuals that are ___ for that trait | carriers |
| A gene that is expressed in all of a population with the gene is said to show ____ | complete penetrance |
| zMedel studied plants through the F2 generation, this allowed him to identify | genetic principles that act as a base for modern genetics |
| ___ genes affect multiple, seemingly unrelated aspects of phenotype | Pleiotropic |
| The trait of ____is known to be controlled through polygenic inheritance | eye color |
| ___ are important to assess because they can modify gene expression. | Environmental effects |
| An individual's ___ is a genotype | genetic composition |
| Species are organized on phylogenetic trees based on their _____ similarities and differences | genetic and morphological |
| A trait that ____ of an organism is called a adaptation | increases enviromental fitness |
| According to the theory of ___ certain individuals will thrive better than others. | natural selection |
| Identify the impacts mutations cause in organisms | may reduce fitness, may increase fitness |
| a flower that ranges from white to red becoming mostly pink over several generations is an example of what type of selection? | Stabilizing |
| Once a ______, one, both, or neither of the species evolve | branch point occurs |
| Enviromental changes cannot cause ___ | genetic mutations |
| Homologous structures are shared anatomical features found in ___ | different species |
| A(n) ___ phylogenetic tree shows relationships but not lineage between species. | unrooted |
| Transgenic organisms receive ____ through genetic manipulation | foreign DNA from a different species |
| PCR is used to | amplify DNA |
| When genetically modifying plants, it is typically easier ____ | to introduce traits rather than remove |
| Current DNA fingerprinting uses | short tandem repeats |
| The first ____ animal was Dolly the sheep | cellulary cloned |
Created by:
jtapiac1