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BIO 205 EXAM 1
microbiology exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Microorganism | Something that needs microscope |
| Robert hook | Looked at cork- cell theory (all living things are composed of cells)- named cells |
| Anton von Leeuwenhoek | First to observe microorgs/microscope- animalcules |
| Spontaneous generation | Life from non-life |
| Virchow | Concept of biogenesis- flies make flies |
| Biogenesis | Life must come from life (Virchow) |
| Pasteur | Proved biogenesis concept- chicken soup in curved neck flasks, break neck and microbes appear- fermentation, pasteurization, immunization (first rabies vaccine) |
| Fermentation | Yeast (anaerobic) sugars=alcohol…aerobic sugars=acetic acid |
| Robert Koch | Germ theory of disease- Koch’s postulates (inject bacteria from infected cow into healthy animal, bacteria caused disease in healthy, same bacteria from healthy and unhealthy once isolated) |
| Germ theory of disease | Robert Koch- microorganisms can cause disease |
| Lister | Applied Germ Theory to medical procedures. 1st phenol to surgical dressings (1st disinfectant) |
| Jenner | 1st vaccination (against small pox- used cow pox, milkmaids) |
| Chemotherapy | Treatment of disease by use of chemicals (synthetic drugs, antibiotics)- success if more poisonous to microbe than host |
| Ehrlick | First acknowledged use of chemotherapy (arsenic to treat syphilis) |
| Alexander Fleming | Discovered penicillin (mold inhibits growth in culture) |
| Avery, Macleod, McCarthy | Established DNA is hereditary material |
| Watson, Crick, Franklin, Wilkins | ID structure of DNA (double stranded, etc) |
| Jacob and Monod | Discovered RNA |
| Paul Berg | 1st to develop recombinant DNA techniques |
| Recombinant DNA techniques | Human DNA insulin gene inserted into bacterial DNA, bacteria makes human insulin faster |
| Pathenogenic | Disease causing in small doses (1-1000 orgs) |
| Virulence | Degree of pathogenicity |
| Non-pathogenic | Does not cause disease or need very high doses (10,000-100,000 microbes)-most microorganisms |
| Opportunistic pathogen | Sometimes disease causing-normal flora runs amok when immune system weak |
| Transient flora | Microorganisms that colonize host for short time then leave/die |
| Normal flora | Colonizers |
| Whittaker’s 5 kingdoms (old) | Monera, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia |
| Woese’s Three domains | Bacteria, archaea, eukarya |
| Woese’s Six kingdoms | Eubacteria (bacteria), arachebacteria (archaea), Prostists, plantae, fungi, animalia (all eukarya) |
| Prokaryotes | Bacteria- simple 1 cell, prenucleus, no membrane bound organelles- 70 S-1 chromosome, double stranded DNA- peptidoglycan cell wall- binary fission- 0.2-2 microns in diameter |
| Bacteria characteristics | Cell wall of peptidoglycan-shape (bacillus, coccus, spiral)-binary fission (no mitosis)- heterotrophs or photosynthesis or chemosynthesis- simple flagella- |
| Archaea | In extreme environments- no cell wall- methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles- does not cause disease in humans |
| Eukaryote characteristics | 1+ chromosomes- membrane bound organelles- true nucleus- 70 and 80S- multi or unicellular- if have cell wall of chiton or cellulose (plants only)- mitosis, meiosis |
| Kingdom fungi | Multicellular molds, mushrooms, unicellular yeasts- wall of chitin- reproduce by budding, meiosis or mitosis- heterotrophs-some saprophytes (eat dead)- free living or parasitic |
| Kingdom Protazoa | Unicellular- move via pseudopods, flagella, cilia or none- hetertrophs- free living or parasitic- sexual or asexual |
| Kingdom algae | Microbiologists only study unicellular algae- cellulose wall, photosynthesis, free living, sexual and asexual |
| Kingdom animalia | Multicellular helminthes- eggs and larvae of flat/round worms |
| Viruses | Non cellular infectious agent- use electron microscope- obligate parasite only- made of RNA/DNA protein and envelope- border of life/nonlife- can’t multiply on own need host (rabies, measles, mumps, herpes) |
| Viroid | Non cellular infectious agent- infectious RNA molecule (plant-potato spindle disease) |
| Prion | Noncellular infectious agent- protein molecule- replicates in animal cells (Kuru, alzheimer’s, mad cow disease) |
| Atomic number | Number of protons |
| Organic compound | Have C, H |
| Inorganic compound | Lack carbon |
| Ionic bond | Bond by attraction btwn molecules- NaCl (e- gained/lost) |
| Covalent bond | Bond where electrons shared- stronger than ionic |
| Hydrogen Bond | Weak bond (5% of covalent strength)- going steady at 15- impt for nucleic acid, proteins |
| Anabolism | Pathway of synthesis rxn in livingin things |
| Starch | Polymers of glucose (sugar) |
| Proteins | Multiple amino acids |
| Glucose | Simple sugar (monosaccaride), carbohydrate- C6H12O6 |
| Carbohydrates include | Sugars, starches, glucose, glycogen, cellulose |
| Lipids | Fats, phospholipids, steroids, glycolipids (CHO) |
| Simple lipid | 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids |
| Complex lipid | Phospholipid= glycerol, fatty acid + PO4 (polar hydrophilic end |
| Proteins | C, H, O, N +/- S…enzymes- carrier proteins- structure- hormones- immune system---made of amino acids in peptide bonds |
| Millimeter | 0.001 meters, 1/1000, 10^-3 |
| Micron/Micrometer | 0.000001 meters, 1/millionth, 10^-6 |
| Nanometer | 1/10^9 meters, 10^-9 |
| White light microscopes | Bright field, dark field, phase contrast |
| Bright Field Microscope | Specimen dead stained, wet mount if alive- light background, dark microbe |
| Dark field microscope | Black background- microbe light- unstained- live orgs that don’t stain well |
| Phase contrast microscope | Uses light diffusion plates- killed and stained cells- cells structures are diff colors for contrast |
| Fluorescent microscope | Fluorochrome stain- exposed to UV source- antibody technique, brightly colored org with black background |
| Transmission electron microscope | Internal detail- use electron beams not light- up to 100,000x |
| Scanning electron microscope | Surface detail- tiny orgs (viruses, cell structure)- use electron beams not light- up to 10,000x |
| Resolution | Ability of lens to distinguish details, distinguish btwn 2 points specific distance apart- see 2 points separate if objects are at least 0.4 microns apart- short wavelength greater resolution |
| Refractive index | Measure of velocity of light- passed though material- change this with stain, get contrast |
| Simple stain | Basic stain…Smear/drops-air dry-heatfix-stain-wash-blot dry-visualize |
| Differential stain | Splits bacteria into groups by diff rxns (gram stain, acid fast stain) |
| Stains | Are salts |
| Bacterial cell wall pH level… | pH 7.0 |
| basic dyes | positive stains- color is in + ion, which is attracted to – ions of cell wall (methylene blue, crystal violet, safranin) |
| acidic dyes | negative stains- color in – ion, does not stain cell -stains background (determines shape, size, capsule)…eosin, nigrosin, india ink, CuSO4 |
| Gram stain | Developed by Christian Gram- separates bacteria into 2 diff groups (g+ or G-) |
| G+ stain | Purple, thick cell wall, crystal violet doesn’t escape and remain in cell- drugs attack peptidoglycan layer (penicillin, sulfa drugs) |
| G- Stain | Pink, thin peptidoglycan cell wall- primary crytstal violet stain washed out, secondary stain remains (safranin)- drugs inhibit protein synthesis (tetracycline, chloraphenicol, streptomycin) |
| Gram stain procedure | Make smear-dry-heat fix- primary stain (CV)- wash –mordant (iodine)- wash – decolorizer (ethanol)- counterstain (safranin) |
| Mordant role | Iodine (in gram stain) increases affinity for stain, coats specimen and makes easier to see |
| Acid fast stain | Binds only to bacteria with waxy cell wall (Gram stain not reliable for this)…TB leprosy nocardia |
| Acid fast stain procedure | Smear-fix/air dry- primary stain (carbosulfin-red)- decolorize with acidic alcohol- counterstain (methylene blue)….acid fast=red, non-acid fast=blue |
| Special stains | Capsule stains, endospore, motility/flagella |
| Capsule stain | Negative stain- make smear and DO NOT heat fix (will fry capsule)- india ink then safranin…will see black background and halo around cell, halo=capsule |
| Endospore stain | Endospore=resistant dormant structure found in cell- protects from adverse environments, other stains can’t penetrate cell wall…endospores will be green, rest of cell red/pink |
| Endospore stain procedure | Smear- dry- heat fix- malachite green (basic)- heat/steam 5 mins- wash water- safranin (counter stain) |
| To determin motility… | Use wet mount, do not stain |
| International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology | Gives current up to date names for orgs |
| Bergies Manual of Systematic Bacteriology | Primarily used for CLASSIFICATION TOOL, secondarily used for identification tool- 4 volumes |
| Bergies Manual of Determinative Bacteriology | ID tool PRIMARILY, uses keys with ID tests, does not classify according to evolutionary relatedness |
| American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) | Store house of bacteria, fungi, algae, viruses that can purchase |
| Phototrophic | Light for energy, CO2-carbon source (autotroph) |
| Chemotrophic | Redox rxn as primary E source (either uses inorganic-chemolithothrophic or organic-chemoorganotroph compounds) |
| Chemoliththrotrophic | Uses inorganic compounds as E source, Carbon from CO2 (Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter) |
| Chemoorganotroph | Uses organic molecules for E and carbon source…AKA heterotrophy/chemoheterotroph (most prokaryotes, all fungi and protozoa) |
| Phototroph vs chemotroph | Light for energy (photo), chemicals for energy (chemo) |
| Lithotroph vs organotroph | Electron source from inorganics (H2S, H2O), electron source from organic carbon (organo) |
| Autotroph vs hetertroph | Carbon source from CO2 self feeds (auto)…carbon from organic compounds (hetero) |
| Coccus/Cocci | Sphere, oval |
| Coccus | (divide 1 plane) |
| Diplococcus | (1 plane, 2 attached) |
| Streptococcus | (1 plane, chain) |
| Tetrad | (2 planes, 4 attached) |
| Sarcinae | (3 planes, cube of 8) |
| Staphylococci | (multiple planes, grape cluster) word only used to describe G+s |
| Bacillus/Bacilli | Rod, 1-divides 1 axis |
| Diplobacillus | 2 bacilli |
| Streptobacilli | Chain of bacilli |
| Coccobacillus | Between round and rod |
| Spiral bacteria | Always in singles…1 or more twists (not straight)…vibrios (comma), spirilla (helical, rigid), spirochetes (helical,flexible) |
| Glycocalyx | External to cell wall of prokaryote- sugar coat, sticky/gelatinous…slime layer (unorganized layer, not firmly attached to CW)…Capsule (organized, firmly attached to CW) |
| Capsule | Increases virulence, helps avoid phagocytosis, attaches bacteria to rocks, etc, starvation can eat for food source |
| Monotrichous flagella | 1 polar flagella |
| Amphitricious flagella | 2 flagella, 1 at each pole |
| Lophotrichous flagella | 2 or more, at one end or both |
| Peritrichous flagella | Hairy peri, all over |
| Part of flagellum | Filament (protein flagellin), hook (diff protein, in btwn filament and basal body), basal body (anchors flagellum to CW and plasma membrane) |
| Axial filaments | In spirochetes- for mvmt, fibers wrap around cell- corkscrew motion, moves like slinky |
| Fimbrae | In G- bacteria, hair like, for attachment NOT mvmt- at poles or evenly distributed-attach to surface of other cells (gonorrhea) few to 100’s per cell |
| Pili | In G- bacteria- hair line, for attachment NOT mvmt- 1-2 per cell- for sex transfer (E. coli) |
| Prokaryote cell wall | Under glycocalyx, surrounds plasma membrane- protects- shapes- prevents lysing- site of action for antibiotics, site of antigens- peptidoglycan!! |
| Peptidoglycan (AKA murein) | Located at bottom layer of CW, right about CM…composed of sugars NAG (N-acetylglucosamine) and NAM (N-acetylmuramic acid) linked side by side in row of 10-65 sugars…rows of NAG/NAM linked by peptide bonds attached to amino acids chains (cross bridges) |
| How does penicillin and cephalosporins work? | Inhibit formation of peptide crosslinkages in peptidoglycan so formed CW is not functional G+ |
| Lysozyme | Breaks down backbone of peptidoglycan (WBCs, salive, tears), no effect on mycoplasma (bc no CW) |
| G+ Cell Walls | 10% teichoic acids (antigenic specificity of bacteria) , 90% peptidoglycan |
| G- Cell walls | Outer membrane-90% (lipopolysaccharide, phospholipid, lipoprotein)…peptidoglycan layer-10%...periplasmic space |
| Teichoic acids | In G+ cells, acidic polysaccharides- (alcohol + glycerol, or ribitol+PO4)- regulate autolysins- move cations in/out- antigenic specifity of bacteria, stores P |
| Exotoxins | Produced by G+, excreted to outside |
| Endotoxins | Produced by G-, cell wall LPS layer…not released unless cell wall is damaged..lipid A carried toxin |
| G- CW Outer membrane | Has strong – charge, evades phagocytosis, barrier to penicillin, lysozymes, detergents, metals, bile salts, dyes, some enzymes…made of LPS, phospholipids, lipoproteins |
| Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) | Outer CW of G-…has lipid A (endotoxin, fever/shock in blood stream, GI)…also has polysaccharide (sugars, 0 polysaccharide functions as antigens-distinguished spp and sub spp) |
| Phospholipids | Outer CW of G-…bilayer membrane of lipids, phosphate (like CM)…porins and speficic channel proteins span this layer |
| Lipoproteins | Outer CW of G-…protein and lipid (binds outer membrane to peptidoglycan below) |
| Periplasmic Gel | Peptidoglycan layer in gel- high conc of degradation enzymes and transport proteins- susceptible to mechanical breakage |
| Porins | In outer membrane (phospholipids) form channels lets small molecules in |
| Specific channel proteins | In outer membrane (phospholipids) allow certain molecules to pass (iron, B12, nucleotides)…ALSO attachement sites for viruses and toxins |
| Mycoplasma spp and unique bc… | Do not have cell walls, smallest bacteria to live outside host, sterol lipids protect from lysis |
| Arachaeobacteria CW unique bc… | No cell wall or cell wall w/o peptidoglycan (instead of pseudomurien) |
| Prokaryote plasma membrane | Below CW, enclosed cytoplasm- mostly phospholipids and proteins- lack sterols (less rigid than eukaryotic) |
| Prokaryote PM function | Selective barrier- breakdown nutrients- produce ATP- fluid mosaic model (proteins float freely) |
| Chemicals that damage PM | Alcohols, quaternary ammonium compounds |
| Antibiotics which damage PM | Polymixins (disrupt phospholipd layer-cause leakage of contents and cell death) |
| Phospholipid bilayer | Phospholipid molecule arranged in 2 parallel rows- each molecule has polar head (phosphate/glycerol-hydrophillic), non polar tail (fatty acids-hydrophobic-interior) |
| Peripheral proteins | Accociated with hydrophilic head of bi-layer- on surface only of membrane (top or bottom)…f- catalyzing enzymes…scaffolding proteins...change structure during movement |
| Integral proteins/transmembrane proteins | Penetrate straight through membrane- channels where substances enter/exit cell |
| Passive movement | Simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion |
| Active movement | Active transport, group translocation (prokary only), endocytosis (eukary only) |
| Facilitated diffusion | Used carrier protein in PM, binds to substance on outside and carries it through, neither substance or carrier changed |
| Hypotonic solution | Cell in distilled water- water moves into cell (lysis)…hypo-inside |
| Hypertonic solution | Cell in salt water- water moves out, shrinks (plasmolysis) |
| Active transport | Requires carrier protein like facilitated diffusion, mvmt against conc gradient |
| Group translocation | Only in prokary- reqs ATP/PEP, substance is chemically altered during transport, once inside cannot escape |
| Bacterial cytoplasm | Internal matrix inside PM is 80% water- proteins, enzymes, lipids, carbs, inorganic ions- has DNA, 70S ribosomes, inclusions |
| Nuclear area of bacterial cytoplasm | Nuceloid (1 circular molecule of d.s DNA)- 20% of cell- chromosomes attached to PM (genetic info)- proteins in PM used for DNA replication |
| Plasmids | May or may not have in addition to chromosome- small d.s. circular DNA (EXTRA chromosomal genetic element)- 5-100 genes- genes for antibiotic resistance- tolerant to toxic metals- produce toxins- synthesize enzymes- can transfer btwn bacteria |
| Bacterial ribosomes | Site of protein synthesis- actively growing- 30S and 50S subunits |
| Antibiotics streptomycin, neomycin, tetracycline do what | Inhibit protein synthesis (70S rRNA) will not kill bacteria or the host) |
| Bacterial cytoplasm inclusions | Reserve deposits- can be used to ID- (metachromatic, polysaccharide, lipid, sulfus granules and carboxysomes) |
| Metachromatic granules | Inclusion type- volutin (reserve of PO4 in synthesis of ATP)- stains red with blue dyes- in bacteria (diagnostic for diphtheria) and eukaryotes |
| Polysaccharide granules | Inclusion type- glycogen and starch composition- if add iodine glycogen = reddish brown, starch=blue |
| Lipid granules | Inclusion type- some mycobacterium and bacillus- unique storage material (poly B hydroxybutiric acid)---visible by fat soluble dyes |
| Sulfur granules | Inclusion type- sulfur bacteria (Thiobacillus)—deposit sulfur granules serves and E reserve |
| Carboxysomes | Inclusion type- contain carboxylase bacteria |
| Gas vacuoles | Hollow cavities in aquatic prokary (cyano bacteria, halobacteria), makes buoyant |
| Endospores | In G+ bacteria (only 1 G-)…Clostridium and bacillus- contains spore coat, DNA, small amounts of rRNA, enzymes, acid, Ca |
| Sporulation | Process of endospore formation…septum forms, DNA and rest of cell separared…rest of cell degenerates, spore does NOT carry out metabolism |
| Germination | Process where spore returns to vegetative state (start w/ 1 cell end up with 1 cell) |
| Spores | Terminal, subterminal or central- resit heat, dessication, freezing, chemicals, radiation vegetative cells killed at 70 degree C)- can survive boiling water for 3 hours or 10 hours (thermophilic spores) |
| Anaerobic disease spore examples | Botulism, tetanus |
| Aerobic disease spore examples | Bacillus spores |
| Eukayote locomotion | May not have at all- flagella, few…cilia-short and many (flagella and cilia 9:2 structure)- wave motion (bacteria rotate motion) |
| Eukaryotes lacking cell wall… | Protozoans (have pellicle), animals (have glycocalyx, no peptidpglycan) |
| Eukaryote cell membrane | Similar to prokaryotes (just diff proteins)- carbs are receptor sites for cell (recognition, bacteria, virus)- contain sterols- NO group translocatin |
| Endocytosis | In eukary only- PM surrounds particle and brings into cell (phago-engulfs organic particles…pino-engulfs extracellular fluid) |
| Eukaryotic cytoskeleton | Microfilament/tubule structure- surrpoty/shape cell**most enzymes in membrane bound organelles (not cytoplasm fluid like prokary) |
| Eukaryotic nucleus | Most DNA in mitochondria (heterphiles) or chloroplasts (phototrophs)- double membrane (nuclear envelope)- nucleoli (RNA synthesis)- nucelosome (DNA and histome)- mitosis/meiosis |
| Eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum | Highway of cell- continuous w/ plasma and nuclear membranes- store synthesized molecules |
| Eukaryotic ribosomes | 60 S (3 units RNA) and 40S (1 unit) subunits= 80S…protein synthesis |
| Golgi complex of eukary | Membrane bound sac pkgs and secretes proteins and lipids, synthesizes carbs…makes glycoprotein |
| Eukaryotic mitochondria | produce ATP, cell power house…70S ribosomes |
| Chloroplasts of Eukaryotic | Contain cholorophyll…70S ribosomes |
| Lysosomes of eukaryotic cells | Made by golgi complex- digestive enzymes |
| Vacuoles of eukary | Used for storage |
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