By Paine; I.A.: colonial citizen and Britain; Purpose: convince Americans to declare independence. Very influencial in changing people's mind (independence from Britain and creation of democratic government)

Defeat of the Spanish Armada

decline of Spanish naval power and the rise of England as a dominant maritime force, leading to increased English influence and exploration

first permanent English settlement established in North America in 1607, located in present-day Virginia

first elected representative government in the British American colonies, paved future democracy

labor system. boat to america, but in return, the servants would work for the person who paid for their passage for a set number of years, usually 5-7 years

a revolution of thought that began in Europe that emphasized reason and science over the authority and myths of traditional religion, triggered by the scientific revolution in the 16th century, beginning of realizations that social progress

Great Awakening (1840s)

revivals created highly emotional gatherings and fueled popular new denominations, affected every colony which helped creates ties across all 13 colonies

people who applied enlightenment through to religion, they believed that god was like a watchmaker that set up natural laws that the world followed but he wouldn’t interfere with it(many founding father)

Friend of king that gets Pennsylvania, Delaware, eventually New Jersey. Colony that was based on tolerance and in some ways equality. (quaker)

a system put in place in order to convince people to move to the colonies. For every ticket to America you buy, you get 50 acres

“natural rights” of all which included: human rights, political liberty, religious toleration- these ideas would later influence colonial leaders to justify a revolution.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

who believed that humans were naturally good and that government should be direct democracy to protect the common good.

philosopher who believed that the best form of government involved the separation of legislative and executive, and judicial branches to allow them to perform checks and balances

a system in which a country focuses on maintaining a favorable trade balance by maximizing exports and minimizing imports, it’s purpose is to create great economic power for a country

restrictions passed by parliament to control colonial trade and bolster the mercantile system, they required all good to be transported from the colonies in only English owned ships which hurt the colonies who used other countries who charged less

part of the Navigation acts that made it so certain products including sugar, tobacco, cotton, and indigo could only be sent by the colonies to England and nowhere else

the more you get away with something, the more you start to think its your natural right. If you do something illegal (british did too much now sumgglers thinks they're fine)

Treaty of Paris of 1763

settlement between Great Britain and France that ended 7 year war, gave Britain control of all of France’s territory east of Mississippi River and Spanish Florida in exchange for Cuba

Pontiac’s Rebellion

series of native american attack on British fort, Caused by the British who decided that they would impose harsh settlements and stop giving gifts to the Native Americans

issued by King Geroge III to keep peace, drew an imaginary line along the crest of the Appalichian mountains, American’s where to stay on one side and Native Americans were to stay on the other side

he starter for the 7 year war, a piece of land in the America’s that both France and Britain wanted because control of the Ohio Valley meant control of the Mississippi River and Ohio River which could be used to control the whole country

taxed colonial imports of glass, lead, paper, and tea but this tax was to be used to pay salaries of colonial royal governors which used to be paid by the colonial assemblies giving them some power over the governors. Increased british control

Republican Motherhood

emphasized women's role in raising virtuous citizens for the new republic. It encouraged women to educate their children in civic values and cultivate patriotism

Article of Confederation

Comprised of US first Constitutions, establish weak central gov, power in hands of states, under it economy faltered because gov is weak

purchase stamp for legal docs, ignited widespread colonial resistance against British taxation without representation.

Tea Act and Tea Party

allowing the British East India Company to sell tea directly to the American colonies, bypassing colonial merchants and taxes. led to dumping of tea in boston bay

Declaration of Independence

jefferson, a list of reason why the colonies were wronged by Britain.

turning point of revolution. British got surrounded. Led to convincing French to help

uprising of revolutionary war veterans, show weakness of articles of confederation. Rebellion addressed poorly due to weak military. Failed to pay veterans

Treaty of Paris of 1783

officially established the independence of the US by Britain as well as the border of the new nation. British promise to abandon all forts in the Ohio Country and the West America's pledge to repay loyalists for any property seized or destroyed

constitutional convention

fix the article of confederation. 3/5 compromise, virginia plan(bicameral legislative based on population), new jersey plan(1 representation from each state, fair for small state), connecticut comp(combine both)

a series of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay during the late 1700s to promote the ratification of the United States Constitution. (try to convince people)

first 10 amendment, to protect the rights of the people to balance the new constitutional convention. All that is not in constitution is up to state(to protect state rights)

Bank of the United States

Hamilton's creation to keep monetary power in the hand of the national gov, manage foreign commerce, tariffs, and interstate commerce.

treaty with Britain when Britain started taking US ships and their forts. Was heavily contested back in the states, as Anti-Federalists who liked France were worried that Jay would sell out the country (why we have 2 seperate party)

treaty with the Spanish that defined the southern border of the US territory and guaranteed the US’s ability to use the Mississippi and right of deposit in New orleans(RIGHTS OF DEPOSIT)

rebellion was eventually put down by federal troops sent by President George Washington, showing the power of the new federal government to enforce its laws.

Alien and Sedition Acts-

naturalization act, which extended the necessary naturalization period (for immigrants) from 4years to 14years. The alien act stated that the president at any time has the right to deport any foreigner that was deemed dangerous. No critizism of gov

America had broken the Abrogation of Alliance, and formed Jay’s treaty with Britain. Diplomats to France but they demand $250k, return to america angered. Start Quasi-War

Kentucky and Virginia Resolution

asserted that states had the right to nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional, particularly in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts. limited federal power, more state power

Land Ordinances of 1784 and 1785

Thomas Jefferson, and divided the unmapped western area into 14 self-governing territories of equal size. Once these territories reached the population of Rhode Island, they can establish statehood

Jeff. vs. Burr. incident highlighted flaws in the electoral process, , leading to the passage of the 12th Amendment, which revised the procedure for electing the President and Vice President.

Marbury was in search of his letter of appointment that was signed by former president John Adams, but was being withheld by Madison. court had no jurisdiction in the case (would be unconstitutional), but he did declare Marbury's rights to fair judgeship

because of marbury v. Madison. the Court's power to review laws and determine their constitutionality. strengthening the role of the judiciary as a check on the legislative and executive branches.

doubling the size of America. maybe unconstitutional from Jeff. (neccessary and proper??) looser interpretation of constitution

Explore louisiana purchase. aided by Sacagawea, a young native woman. find the best source of water that runs across the continent near the west

British ships would kidnap crews from American boats and raid the cargo. The crew was recruited into the British Navy.

Burr conspires w/ James Wilkinson to make his own country in the Mississippi River Valley in which he is the leader. Wilkinson rats him out

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APUSH Exam

Question	Answer
Common Sense	By Paine; I.A.: colonial citizen and Britain; Purpose: convince Americans to declare independence. Very influencial in changing people's mind (independence from Britain and creation of democratic government)
Defeat of the Spanish Armada	decline of Spanish naval power and the rise of England as a dominant maritime force, leading to increased English influence and exploration
Jamestown	first permanent English settlement established in North America in 1607, located in present-day Virginia
House of Burgesses	first elected representative government in the British American colonies, paved future democracy
Indentured Servitude	labor system. boat to america, but in return, the servants would work for the person who paid for their passage for a set number of years, usually 5-7 years
enlightenment	a revolution of thought that began in Europe that emphasized reason and science over the authority and myths of traditional religion, triggered by the scientific revolution in the 16th century, beginning of realizations that social progress
Great Awakening (1840s)	revivals created highly emotional gatherings and fueled popular new denominations, affected every colony which helped creates ties across all 13 colonies
deism	people who applied enlightenment through to religion, they believed that god was like a watchmaker that set up natural laws that the world followed but he wouldn’t interfere with it(many founding father)
William Penn	Friend of king that gets Pennsylvania, Delaware, eventually New Jersey. Colony that was based on tolerance and in some ways equality. (quaker)
Headright system	a system put in place in order to convince people to move to the colonies. For every ticket to America you buy, you get 50 acres
Locke philosophy	“natural rights” of all which included: human rights, political liberty, religious toleration- these ideas would later influence colonial leaders to justify a revolution.
Jean Jacques Rousseau	who believed that humans were naturally good and that government should be direct democracy to protect the common good.
Montesquieu	philosopher who believed that the best form of government involved the separation of legislative and executive, and judicial branches to allow them to perform checks and balances
Mercantilism	a system in which a country focuses on maintaining a favorable trade balance by maximizing exports and minimizing imports, it’s purpose is to create great economic power for a country
Navigation Acts	restrictions passed by parliament to control colonial trade and bolster the mercantile system, they required all good to be transported from the colonies in only English owned ships which hurt the colonies who used other countries who charged less
Enumerated Articles	part of the Navigation acts that made it so certain products including sugar, tobacco, cotton, and indigo could only be sent by the colonies to England and nowhere else
Salutary neglect	the more you get away with something, the more you start to think its your natural right. If you do something illegal (british did too much now sumgglers thinks they're fine)
Treaty of Paris of 1763	settlement between Great Britain and France that ended 7 year war, gave Britain control of all of France’s territory east of Mississippi River and Spanish Florida in exchange for Cuba
Pontiac’s Rebellion	series of native american attack on British fort, Caused by the British who decided that they would impose harsh settlements and stop giving gifts to the Native Americans
Proclamation of 1763	issued by King Geroge III to keep peace, drew an imaginary line along the crest of the Appalichian mountains, American’s where to stay on one side and Native Americans were to stay on the other side
Royal colony	belonging to british
Ohio Country	he starter for the 7 year war, a piece of land in the America’s that both France and Britain wanted because control of the Ohio Valley meant control of the Mississippi River and Ohio River which could be used to control the whole country
William Pitt	passed townshend act
Townshend Act (1767)	taxed colonial imports of glass, lead, paper, and tea but this tax was to be used to pay salaries of colonial royal governors which used to be paid by the colonial assemblies giving them some power over the governors. Increased british control
Republican Motherhood	emphasized women's role in raising virtuous citizens for the new republic. It encouraged women to educate their children in civic values and cultivate patriotism
Article of Confederation	Comprised of US first Constitutions, establish weak central gov, power in hands of states, under it economy faltered because gov is weak
Stamp Act	purchase stamp for legal docs, ignited widespread colonial resistance against British taxation without representation.
Tea Act and Tea Party	allowing the British East India Company to sell tea directly to the American colonies, bypassing colonial merchants and taxes. led to dumping of tea in boston bay
Declaration of Independence	jefferson, a list of reason why the colonies were wronged by Britain.
Battle of Saratoga	turning point of revolution. British got surrounded. Led to convincing French to help
shay rebellion	uprising of revolutionary war veterans, show weakness of articles of confederation. Rebellion addressed poorly due to weak military. Failed to pay veterans
Treaty of Paris of 1783	officially established the independence of the US by Britain as well as the border of the new nation. British promise to abandon all forts in the Ohio Country and the West America's pledge to repay loyalists for any property seized or destroyed
constitutional convention	fix the article of confederation. 3/5 compromise, virginia plan(bicameral legislative based on population), new jersey plan(1 representation from each state, fair for small state), connecticut comp(combine both)
Federalist Letters	a series of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay during the late 1700s to promote the ratification of the United States Constitution. (try to convince people)
Bill of RIghts	first 10 amendment, to protect the rights of the people to balance the new constitutional convention. All that is not in constitution is up to state(to protect state rights)
Bank of the United States	Hamilton's creation to keep monetary power in the hand of the national gov, manage foreign commerce, tariffs, and interstate commerce.
Jay’s Treaty	treaty with Britain when Britain started taking US ships and their forts. Was heavily contested back in the states, as Anti-Federalists who liked France were worried that Jay would sell out the country (why we have 2 seperate party)
Pinckney’s Treaty	treaty with the Spanish that defined the southern border of the US territory and guaranteed the US’s ability to use the Mississippi and right of deposit in New orleans(RIGHTS OF DEPOSIT)
Whiskey Rebellion	rebellion was eventually put down by federal troops sent by President George Washington, showing the power of the new federal government to enforce its laws.
Alien and Sedition Acts-	naturalization act, which extended the necessary naturalization period (for immigrants) from 4years to 14years. The alien act stated that the president at any time has the right to deport any foreigner that was deemed dangerous. No critizism of gov
XYZ Affair	America had broken the Abrogation of Alliance, and formed Jay’s treaty with Britain. Diplomats to France but they demand $250k, return to america angered. Start Quasi-War
Kentucky and Virginia Resolution	asserted that states had the right to nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional, particularly in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts. limited federal power, more state power
Land Ordinances of 1784 and 1785	Thomas Jefferson, and divided the unmapped western area into 14 self-governing territories of equal size. Once these territories reached the population of Rhode Island, they can establish statehood
Election of 1800	Jeff. vs. Burr. incident highlighted flaws in the electoral process, , leading to the passage of the 12th Amendment, which revised the procedure for electing the President and Vice President.
Marbury v. Madison	Marbury was in search of his letter of appointment that was signed by former president John Adams, but was being withheld by Madison. court had no jurisdiction in the case (would be unconstitutional), but he did declare Marbury's rights to fair judgeship
judicial review	because of marbury v. Madison. the Court's power to review laws and determine their constitutionality. strengthening the role of the judiciary as a check on the legislative and executive branches.
Louisiana Purchase	doubling the size of America. maybe unconstitutional from Jeff. (neccessary and proper??) looser interpretation of constitution
Lewis and Clark	Explore louisiana purchase. aided by Sacagawea, a young native woman. find the best source of water that runs across the continent near the west
elastic clause	necessary and proper
Impressment	British ships would kidnap crews from American boats and raid the cargo. The crew was recruited into the British Navy.
Burr Conspiracy	Burr conspires w/ James Wilkinson to make his own country in the Mississippi River Valley in which he is the leader. Wilkinson rats him out
Embargo Act of 1807	Thomas Jefferson’s reaction to the British “impressment”- completely banned exports to keep sailors safe. This destroyed the American economy (depended on cash crops and exports)
essex junto	federalist were fed up with this and decided to create a small band of people named the essex junto who would protest and yell at the republicans for switching up
War of 1812	war with britain due to miscommunication. Resulted in confirmation of American independence from Britain and a sense of national unity
Battle of New Orleans	British attack New Orleans because it is our most valuable city and having control over it would give them better negotiating power in Ghent. Andrew Jackson is nearby and helps lead against the British. (US victory)
Treaty of ghent	Agree to end the war of 1812 agreeing to basically forget it happened and go back to the borders before the war. The British would stop supporting Native American attacks. The US is allowed to keep land won in the south.
star spangled banner	Inspired by the British failing to overtake Baltimore when they couldn’t get close enough to destroy Fort McHenry
American system	by Clay: aimed to strengthen the United States by promoting internal improvements like roads and canals, establishing a protective tariff
Era of Good Feeling	political unity and a sense of national pride following the War of 1812. It saw a decline in partisan conflict and the emergence of a spirit of optimism and nationalism. (one party)
Transcontinental Treaty(Adams-Onis)	established the western boundary of the United States and ceded Florida to the United States, resolving territorial disputes and securing American control over the region
Monroe Doctrine	Oppose European attempts to colonize Americas, lso pledging to avoid involvement in European conflicts. Assert American influence and stabilize
Corrupt Bargain	deal of Adams and Clay, Clay backhand support Adam in exchange for being appointed Secretary of State. Fueled support for Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson	populist style and expansion of executive power. Indian removal and opposed the national bank
Spoils System	elected officials appoint their supporters to government positions as a reward for their loyalty or help during the campaign. (very corrupt, during jackson's presidency)
Common Man	what jackson would use to connect with the people. average American citizen, emphasizing his belief in the importance of ordinary people in democracy.
Kitchen Cabinet	A small group of Jackson's friends and advisors who were especially influential. Jackson conferred with them instead of his regular cabinet. Many people critisize it.
Worcester v. Georgia	Georgia had no jurisdiction over Cherokee lands, asserting Native American sovereignty. Was ignored by Jackson when he passed indian removal
Trail of Tears	Forced relocation of NA, mostly Cherokee, to southeastern US (Oklahoma). Many died
Nullification Crisis	conflict between SC and federal gov led to SC want to nullify(independence from federal gov) resolved by compromise tariff and threat of military from jackson (due to the tariffs)
John Marshall	Last federalist, strengthen the federal gov. from the supreme court
Missouri compromise	Missouri want to be a slave state but it will unbalance political party, solution: clay says missouri come as slave state, main is free state. Then create line in Louisiana Purchase.
Second Bank of the United States	Modeled after first, to control inflation and increase economic growth. Jackson hate it, believe it's for the wealthy, thus he vetoed its recharter
Nicholas Biddle	president of second BUS. Conflict with Jackson resulted in bank war, such as pet banks from Jackson
Second Great Awakening	some end of the world groups. led to political reforms such as temperance and views on race different, especially in North. "Make earth as it is in Heaven"
southern vs. northern wave (second awakening)	south: camp meeting, literal truth of Bible, godlessness / north: church revival, prompted reform, misplaced values
Shakers	Mother Ann Lee, believed in the female counterpart to Jesus, believed in hard work, celibacy, simplicity, and chastity. Danced to shake off their sins. Kinda just died out.
Oneida	John Noyes and believed that there's no sin since Jesus already came. Complex marriage and free love/sex commune. Made silverware to raise money. Beliefs died out but they kept making the silver ware
Rappites	Believed in an imminent end of the world, this never happened so they failed.
Brook Farm	farm ran by intellectual. didn’t work because none of them properly knew how to run a farm. Was largely just a remote place for Transcendentalists to think and ponder. (TRANSCENDALISTS)
Romanticism	the cohabitation of listening to the mind and heart, both considered of having importance.
Transcendentalism	The philosophy of romanticism which focuses on traversing across bounds of society seamlessly. Additionally, breaking norms
Hudson River School	art school. Frederick Edwin Church-Painted moments between day and night, before/after a storm, known for his realism and the painting Natural Bridge Thomas Cole-founder of Hudson River School
Emerson and Thoreau	emerson wrote Nature(Transcendentist) individualism and self reliance, Thoreau lived in the woods and wrote Walden and Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil gov
Seneca Falls Convention	landmark event in the women's suffrage movement (Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott). Wrote Declaration of Sentiments, declaring equal rights for women. beginning of organized women's rights activism
Texas independence/revolution	Texas breaking away from Mexico to become its own country. (battle of Alamo). Jackson kinda supported it. Buren didn't annex Texas, Tyler was the one who did it.
Mexican-American War (1846)	Due to Texas annexation but Mexico never recognized Texas as independent. Also America Manifest Destiny.
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo	established the Rio Grande as the boundary between Texas and Mexico. US recieved California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and parts of Wyoming. Granted citizenship to some Mexicans
Oregon Treaty	The treaty that established the 49th parallel as where the U.S. owned Oregon. Stretched it to the Pacific.
James Polk	Oversaw the Mexican-American War and the annexation of Texas. Gains Congress’s support of Texas annexation by negotiations with the British (Oregon Treaty). Also convinces congress to declare war on Mexico, famously stating that “War Exists.” (manifest de
Compromise of 1850	settle slavery dispute. allowed California to join the United States as a free state, while other territories could decide about slavery through popular sovereignty. But it also strengthened laws to capture and return escaped slaves
Fugitive Slave Act	required people in free states to help capture and return escaped slaves to their owners. If someone was accused of being a runaway slave, they couldn't have a trial by jury and had limited legal rights
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty	an agreement between the United States and Britain about building and controlling a canal across Central America. both encouraged opening to all nation
Ostend Manifesto	spilling of secrets that US will take Cuba from Spain by force, thus it led to controversies in Europe so US had to eventually let go of Cuba
Cotton Mill	An invention that actually increased the amount of slaves used in the South
Uncle Tom’s Cabin	A book that really made many to sympathize with the slaves and inspired many to fight to free slaves. An important book that played role in civil war
Stephen A. Douglas	advocacy of popular sovereignty, the idea that settlers in new territories should decide whether to allow slavery through a popular vote
Kansas-Nebraska Act	allow settler in kansas and nebraska to allow slave or not. This overturned Missouri Compromise, led to conflict between pro vs. anti slave people in Kansas (bleeding Kansas) Championed popular sovereignty, Republican party emerges
Transcontinental Railroad	stretch from atlantic to pacific, manifest destiny, expansion of american west, facilitated moving good and ideas
Freeport Doctrine	Douglas argued that even if the Supreme Court ruled that a territory couldn't legally exclude slavery, the people of that territory could still prevent it by refusing to pass laws necessary for slavery to exist there
John Brown	abolitionist that use violence. led to harper ferry, incited slave rebellion with his raid but still failed. Still, his action scared the South and became a martyr for abolitionists
Harpers Ferry	John Brown led a raid on the federal arsenal there, hoping to start a slave rebellion. The raid failed, Brown was captured
LIncoln-Douglas Debates	Lincoln, representing the newly formed Republican Party, argued against the spread of slavery, while Douglas, a Democrat, advocated for popular sovereignty. The debates attracted national attention and helped to elevate Lincoln's profile
Election of 1860	led to election of lincoln, one of the short term cause of the civil war. His victory sparked the secession of several Southern states
underlying cause of Civil War (1860s)	Fear from the South that Lincoln will stop expansion of slavery in the west which will one eventually lead to the end of slavery overall due to the unbalance of slave/free states
Free-soil	what Lincoln used to win the election
Cornerstone speech	vice president of confederacy, Stephen.Declare black man is not equal to the white as a normal condition.
Fort Sumpter	Federal land in the South. Lincoln can't fight but he can resupplies the fort, but south opened fire(BEGINNING) the effect is Lincoln called for 75000 volunteer to stop the rebellion(what caused the war).
Civil War Strategy	North: bring south back to union forcibly, offensive South: survive long enough for foreign recognition, defensive
First Bull Run/and second	people got picnic to watch. huge Confederate victory. Lincoln found he needs better general, General McClellan(afraid to fight). Second: Lee went on offensive to find foreign recognition.
Peninsula Campign	very bad union strategy. Sig: rise of Robert Lee.
Antietam	first union victory, cause they found the plan. postponing foreign recognition. McClellan got replace by Burnside. Lincoln can Empancipation Proclamation
Emancipation Proclamation	a war strategy. weaken south economy with no slave, decrease chance of foreign recognition, term is Jan 1, so South can still surrender. change the purpose of the war. (didn't really free people)
ex parte Milligan (civil war era)	A court case. Due to Milligan accused of aiding Confederates and sentenced by tribunal court. It ruled that military tribunals could only be used when civilian courts couldn't work, like during an invasion or rebellion (so Milligan was tried in civilian)
ex parte Merryman (civil war era)	clash between President Lincoln's power to suspend habeas corpus(legal order to bring Merryman to court) during wartime and the Supreme Court's power to protect individual rights
Anaconda Plan	Winfield Scott's plan. slowly squeeze the life out of the Confederacy with a naval blockade, capture New Orleans, a snake grap. Not initially enforced but did
George McClellan	1st General of the Potomac Army during the Civil War. Was fired by Lincoln after winning the battle of Antietam due to his hesitancy to attack and finish off Robert E. Lee’s army. Ran against Lincoln in 1864
Draft Riots	violent protests in Northern cities against the military draft, where mostly working-class citizens. (racial tension)
Gettysburg	largest casualties. Battle for Little Round Top. Union victory. Permanently put Confederate on defense for the rest of the war, turning point (Gettysburg Address)
Robert E. Lee	put into confederate general position after second bull run. Best strategic general.
Ulysses Grant	western theatre but nobody cared(minor league). Eventually recognized and become general.
Appomattox Court House	The place at which General Lee surrendered his Confederate Army, effectively ending the Civil War.
Lincoln Assassination	john wilkes booth a 26 year old actor who was a democrat and believed in the confederacy and slavery. Shot while attending a comedic play
Admiral David Farragut	"Damn the Torpedo" Captured New Orleans, a naval leader that were very effective. Union side
Election of 1864	Lincoln vs George McClellan. Johnson was elected as Lincoln's running mate because he was the only southern senator who didn't resign. Grant and Sherman victory allowed Lincoln's rerun
Burning of Atlanta	Grant's "Total War" that were very effective.
Andrew Johnson	VP to Lincoln, who assumed the presidency when Lincoln was assassinated, a southern democrat who didn’t want racial equality but also hated the southern elite. (basically hated by North and south)
Radical Republicans	This group advocated for black rights and harsh punishments in the south. During Johnson presidency, liked him at first because he was harsh towards southern elites
Black Codes	laws created to restrict the rights of newly freed african americans, examples include labor restriction, curfews implemented, and vagrancy laws. (even though slave is outlawed, this is an example of discrimination)
KKK	terrorist white supremacy group that focused on terrorizing blacks and republicans in the south. Extralegal methods of preventing reconstruction from granting African Americans rights
13th Amendment	officially abolished slavery. all states had to do to rejoin the union was ratify this amendment.
Civil Rights Act of 1875	All race equal rights
14th amendment	created citizen birthrights and citizenship for newly freed people
15th amendment	created voting rights for black men
Force ActsI	federal government/military runs elections in the south to prevent rigging the vote and preventing the harassment of voters
Credit Mobilier Scandal (Grant's cabinet)	Occurred under the Era of Good Stealings (Grant's presidency). The Union Pacific Railroad Company bribed members of Congress with cash or kickbacks . This also hurt Grant's presidency and the Republican Party.
Whiskey Ring Scandal (Grant's cabinet)	under the Era of Good Stealings (Grant's presidency). Whiskey producers, in order to get out of paying taxes, bribed government tax collectors.
Compromise of 1877	republicans promised that army troops would be taken out of the south if Rutherford B Hayes elected. This essentially eliminated many of the efforts of reconstruction since there were now no soldiers to make sure southern governments enforce federal law.
Jim Crow legislation	laws that enforced racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans. Mandated separate facilities of school, factories, restaurants, railroads, etc.
Atlanta Compromise	Booker T.'s Speech. advocated for African Americans to focus on vocational education and economic advancement rather than directly challenging segregation and civil rights disparities
railroads	engine of industrialization, allowed US to pass the stage of economic development the fastest (very important during WWI and WWII)
Homestead Act (1862)	gave free land to those who moved out west
Copperhead Democrats	opposed american civil war
Bessemer Process	Turns iron into steel, an invention that became important to the industrialization era
Rosewater Plan	Lincoln's. 10% of the male population had to swear a loyalty oath to the Union, state gov ratify 13th amend., no military occupation (to make south feel better, but Johnson's is much harsh)
Freedmen’s Bureau	congress created organization to help newly freed people, created schools and colleges
Johnson’s Restoration Plan	Southern states have to ratify the 13th amendment, no military occupation in the South, and general amnesty to all except those who are rich or former Confederate officers.
Gilded Age	rapid industrialization, economic growth, and ostentatious displays of wealth alongside widespread poverty and political corruption
Plains Indians	Native American tribes who inhabited the Great Plains. resisted American military
Little Big Horn (Sioux)	fight between Native American tribes and the U.S. Army, resulting in a significant Native American victory and the death of Lieutenant Colonel Custer and his troops.
Nez Perce (Nez Perce war)	NA that engaged in a series of conflicts with the U.S. government as they resisted forced removal from their ancestral lands. ultimately forced onto reservations (gold found on their land)
Buffalo Slaughter	US gov supported slaughter of buffalo to control Native Americans population on the Great Plain
Barbed Wire
Laramie Treaty	divided indian tribes that made it easy for them to be conquered
Wounded Knee	A massacre of Native Americans. marked the end of the Indian Wars on the Great Plains
Dawes Severalty Act	aimed at assimilating Native Americans into mainstream American society. resulted in the loss of millions of acres of tribal land and further weakened Native American sovereignty
Election of 1884	Cleveland won. End of republican era, rise of democratic. election highlighted issues of political reform and corruption(Ex; Blaine's Mulligan letters)
Identity Politics	politics based on identity including but not limited to race, sexual identity, gender, religion, and social class. Was a massive part of the gilded age and progressive politics.
Populists	primarily farmers, laborers, and other rural workers who felt disenfranchised and marginalized by the political and economic systems of the time. Want progressive reform
Grangers	social and political organization formed by farmers in the late 19th century to advocate for agricultural and economic reforms.
Frontier Thesis	the existence of a frontier in American history had played a fundamental role in shaping the American character and democratic institutions, emphasizing concepts such as individualism, self-reliance, and equality of opportunity.
Knights of Labor	labor union advocating for the rights and interests of workers across various industries. They played a crucial role in advocating for workers' rights, including the eight-hour workday
Haymarket Square	Labor protest that led to the trial and execution of several anarchist leaders, sparking widespread controversy and influencing labor rights
American Federation of Labor	largest and most influential labor organization. organizing skilled workers into craft unions and advocated for better wages, working conditions
Pullman Strike	most widespread strike. workers at the Pullman Palace Car Company protest wage cuts and poor working conditions
Pinkertons	private detective agency that played important role in homestead strike, violent confrontation with striking workers, resulting in casualties on both sides
John Singer Sargent
Winslow Homer
Thomas Eakins
Election of 1896	Bryan, the republican nominee, and winner of the election, was William McKinley and his “front-porch campaign” in which he welcomed supporters to his Ohio home
Bimetallism	A monetary standard where the value of the monetary unit is defined as equivalent to both a certain quantity of gold and to a certain quantity of silver. There is an established rate of exchange between the two metals.
Cross of Gold Speech	Bryan’s speech in 1896 at the democratic convention before the ballot began. He merged democratic christian ideas and the populist resentment ("You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold!”)
WIlliam Jennings Bryan
Jane Addams	co-founded Hull House (help immigrants). promoted idea of feminism and social reforms and an activist.
Social Gospel	Help less fortunate. Used Christian ethics to solve social problems.
Andrew Carnegie(steel)	leader of steel empire, all stages of it. donated money later to orphanage because he is a christian
Robber Baron	wealthy and powerful businessperson who is often criticized for making their fortune through unethical or exploitative practices, such as monopolizing industries or mistreating workers.
Rockefeller(oil)	vertical integration and aggressive competition, revolutionized the oil industry and shaped the development of modern corporate capitalism.
J.P. Morgan(bank)	banking empire helped stabilize the American financial system during times of crisis
horizontal vs. vertical intergration	horizontal: one company control all market for a given product. Vertical: when one company controls all stages/steps that produces a product.
Cornelius Vanderbilt(railroad)	American transportation industry, particularly the railroad and steamship industries
Trusts	a monopoly that uses interlocking to eliminate competition and then lower taxes and raise prices (trust bonds) effects: rostow, congress can't regulate commerce, weakening labor class
Interstate Commerce Act	regulate the railroad industry and ensure fair and reasonable rates for shipping goods. It established the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
Sherman Antitrust Act	combat monopolistic practices and promote competition in business. It prohibited trusts, monopolies, and other restraints of trade that hindered competition
U.S. v. E.C. Knight	court case ruled Sherman antitrust Act could not be applied to the American Sugar Refining Company. limited the scope of the Sherman Act's application to industrial monopolies (good day for big business)
Large Policy	goal of projecting american power outward, devised by William H. Seward(need for gov intervention outward) such as Midway Islands and annexation of Alaska
Annexation of Hawaii	British signed treaties that allowed foreign fruit/sugar companies to use the islands for their natural resources. The U.S. asked to annex Hawaii (Queen Liliuokalani) expansionism
Guano Islands Act	Anyone who found an unclaimed land that contained Guano to claim that land for United States
Panic of 1893	occurred after several railroad companies declared bankruptcy. like the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 which doubled the government's monthly silver purchases
Crime of ‘73	congress dropped silver dollars from official coinage, setting the stage for the adoption of the gold standard in the U.S. (This negatively impacted farmers and debtors
Mugwumps	Reformers who bolted the Republican Party in 1884 to support Democrat Grover Cleveland for president over republican James Blaine, whose secret dealings on behalf of the railroad companies had brought charges of corruption.
U.S.S. Maine	The ship that the US sent to Havana, Cuba, to remove businessmen from the Spanish brutality on the Cuban natives. Peaceful ship, however the vessel blows up before it can reach Cuba, and the US media blames Spain for its destruction (excuse for war)
Rough Riders	Roosevelt's expeditionary force that he lead into the Battle of Santiago.
Spanish-American War(1898)	due to America's interest in Cuba and imperialism, effect is Cuba's independence and departure from the nation's traditional isolationism and led to increased involvement in global affairs
Homestead Strike	labor strike but because Berkman attempt asassination, led to many people siding against the labor union
platt Amendment	document adding to the war declaration promising that while America would help Cuba gain independence it would not colonize or take over Cuba.
teller Amendment	Returned Cuba to self rule but maintained US bases on Cuba such as Guantanamo Bay.
Panama Canal	Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, negotiated between the United States and Britain, replaced the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (it was found how important it was during Spanish-American War)
Roosevelt Corollary	US will now act as an international police power to protect Monroe Doctrine in the Caribbean. Was enacted after Dominican Republic seemed like it was about to be colonized by European powers.
dollar policy	foreign policy by Taft. US govt. Fostered investments in Latin America and the Caribbean to increase foreign influence. Sometimes, the US would pay off the debts of other countries
Alfred T. Mahan	“great nations require great navies, great navies require coaling stations”.
Progressivism	aimed to address social and economic problems caused by rapid industrialization, urbanization, and political corruption(ex: temperance)
Laissez-Faire	philosophy of minimal government intervention in economic affairs
Clayton Antitrust Act(excluded)	enhance the Sherman antitrust act of 1890 by clarifying what constituted monopolistic activities and declaring that labor unions were not to be viewed as monopolies in restraint of trade. Made all mergers and combinations need government approval.
Pure Food and Drug Act	Due to horror displayed in "The Jungle". protect consumers by regulating the labeling and safety of food and pharmaceuticals.
The Jungle	Upton Sinclair. A book that display the disgusting of food industry working condition
Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire	led to improved workplace safety laws and regulations, as the tragic event highlighted the need for better fire safety measures and working conditions for factory workers.
Federal Reserve Act	create a new national banking system in order to regulate the nation’s currency supply and ensure the stability and integrity of member banks (economy back to federal control)
How the Other Half Lives	Jacob Riis. documented the harsh living conditions of immigrants and the poor in New York City's tenements, using photography and firsthand accounts. (led to to reforms in housing, sanitation, and public health.
Oregon System	limit corruption in state politics through Secret ballots which limit coercion–essentially voting without anyone knowing, Referendum, and recall
Muller v. Oregon	Set maximum workday for women and when women wanted to work more, the court said that they cannot because of negative affects on women. (restrain on women entering public sphere) (first time senate allowed additional evidence: Brandeis Brief)
women suffrage movement	struggle for women's rights to vote, participating in political progress, and education. events: (NAWSA), Seneca Fall Convention, 19th amendment. people: Susan B. Anthony
16th amendment	Establishes a progressive income tax (idea from Populists!). expanded federal ability to tax corporation
Income Tax	American’s income is taxed, the percentage of income taxed depends on size of income (poor have to pay less, rich have to pay much more).
17th amendment	The population can vote for its state’s Senators. Intended to reclaim Senate from political machines.
18th amendment	Prohibited the importations, distillation, or distribution of alcohol/intoxicating spirits. Ultimate achievement of the Temperance movements of the time and the ones before. Would not last.
19th amendment	women gain the right to vote
Ida B. Well	black woman activist that is against lynching and would report on discriminative issues
Zimmermann Telegram	germans to mexican gov., saying they were going to go back to unrestricted submarine warfare, and wanted Mexico to reconquer the U.S. Territory (reason why US enter WWI)
maternalism	to improve family life, women should gain political and social rights (ability to vote) and enter public sphere
temperance movement	address the negative social consequences associated with alcohol consumption, which is caused by poverty. Rise of women's rights
Wyoming	equality state, first state to allow women to vote.
restrain vs. unrestrained submarine warfare	R: Use submarines to attack only warships/vessels carrying soldiers or supplies for war UR: Use submarines to attack any vessel that gets too close, including civilian and cargo ones.
Western Front	germany vs france and britain, stalemate on both sides
Allied Invasion of Russia	due to fear of spread of Bolshevik ideology and the potential for communist revolutions in other countries. US helped white russians. Results in lingering tensions with the US and USSR
Treaty of Versailles	14 points adopted: separated Austria and Hungary, and created new Nations for different ethnicities, self-determination promoted (end of WWI)
14 points	Woodrow Wilson's plan. freedom of the seas (for free trade), self determination (new independent countries for each ethnic/religious group), and the League of Nations
League of Nations	wilson's idea even though US didn't join. ran by powerful countries to protect the territorial integrity of nations and maintain peace.
Irreconcilables	People who hated the League of Nations because scared of US losing sovereignty
Lodge Reservations	aiming to safeguard American sovereignty and limit involvement in the League's military actions, ultimately leading to the treaty's rejection of the League
Normalcy	concept promoted by Presid. Harding. a return to stability, prosperity, and traditional values after WWI
Portsmouth Treaty	End of Russo-Japanese war. overlooked by Roosevelt, saved white people's faces, made Japanese a real threat in the future
Flappers	Women of the 1920s who rebelled against traditional standards of femininity. They escaped the domestic sphere with dancing
Radio and Movies	- Fireside Chats: Radio addresses FDR gave. Catches up people with what's happening. - used for propaganda during WWI - communication and entertainment
National Origins Act of 1924	ended the golden age of immigration, imposed a strict quota system so only a fraction of immigrants could come in, and only of the nations we approved off
Eugenics	sterilization of "undesirable" individuals. Get rid of anyone that isn't white or "normal". discrimination towards people with disabilities, race, and different ethnic
Warren G. Harding	president during WWI and 20s. Normalcy. presidency marred by scandals, such as Teapot Dome scandal
Teapot Dome Scandal	Albert Fall, the Secretary of the Interior, is caught accepting huge bribes from oil tycoons to give away the oil at the Teapot Dome site
Origins of the Great Depression	Farming: Over-cultivation caused several bad years of farming, farmers to go into debt. Banking: Germany, Farmers, Stocks caused too many loans to default. People would invest recklessly. Stocks: 1929 Crash. Caused by people buying shares on margin
Stock Market Crash	Stock market is doing so well people buy shares on margin. Keeps stocks artificially high, until banks are forced to recall loans, which causes almost everyone to pull out of the stock market, crashing it.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation	provide financial support to banks, businesses, and industries. It aimed to stimulate economic recovery by lending money to struggling institutions, helping them stay afloat and preserve jobs (response to great depression)
Hoovervilles	poverty community during Great Depression. Hoover, who was in office during the onset of the Depression and was criticized for his perceived failure to adequately address the economic crisis
4 horsemen of American apocalypse	book: Uncle Tom's Cabin act: Kansas-Nebraska Act decision: Dred Scott v. Sanford raid: Harper Ferry
Dred Scott v. Sanford	Scott was a slave but was moved to another free state. His case say he is free, ruled against him in 1857, stating that as a black person, he was not a citizen and therefore couldn't sue in federal cour
Omaha Platform	Founded by Populist. Wants Nationalization of railroads , more inflation(for farmers), income taxes, decentralization of banks , and direct election of senators.
Coinage Act(crime of 73)	increase price of gold and silver is not worth anything anymore. Helped the rich, not the people in middle class. A reason for the panic of 1893)
Sherman Silver Purchase Act	purchase 4.5 million per month, didn't really help the coinage Act situation either.
party boss	A powerful political leader who controlled the machine of associates and operatives to promote both individual and party interests
Honest Graft	political practice of using insider information and connections for personal gain while still providing some benefits to constituents(abuse of money power)
progressive era	era origined from low federal interference, social problems of child labor, low wages. During a time of economic depression and religious ideals(good samuratan), media revolution, and rise of Roosevelt)
muckrakers	journalist and novelist raising awareness of social problem, believe gov must liberate this crisis (Samuel McClure, Ida Tarbell)
South Fork Dam	private owned dam including many wealthy industrialists but they didn't fix the dam so it broke and drowned 2000 people in the Johnstown Flood.
W.E.B. Dubois vs. Booker vs. Marcus	NAACP vs. Atlanta Compromise vs. "back to africa" continous separatism.
The Square Deal	3 Cs control of corps, conservation of natural resources, and consumer protection (Ex: Pure food and Drug Act, getting rid of bad trusts, etc.)
President Taft	Promoted selective regulation, all trusts are bad trusts(ex: Mann-Elkins Act) why Roosevelt doesn't like Taft
New Freedom (President Wilson)	Attack the 3 walls of privilege: Lower Tariff, banks(federal reserve system), trusts(clayton anti-trust)
election of 1912	Taft(Republican) vs. Roosevelt(Progressive) vs. Wilson(Democrats) Wilson prevailed with comprehensive regulation
annexation of Alaska	due to fear of Russia expansion towards there
land, money power spiral
social darwinism	whites are the fittest race so it is the likely to survive. White men's Burden: delivering civilization, religion(Christianity)
Normalcy era	more consumerism, due to technology such a as automobile, radio, and films. Women changed fashion. The Lost Era and new arts like cubism and books like Great Gatsby
Birth of a Nation and Jazz Singer	Both are films during Normalcy era, both are very discriminative and racist
New Negro	Harlem Reinassence, Baseball, Great Migration to urban area, Montegomery Bus Boycott, Brown vs. Board, Greensboro lunch counter, Freedom Riders, death of King, Freedom Summe, Civil Rights Act of 1964, black power
McCulloch vs. Maryland	bank of US is constitutional and cannot be taxed by the state. Asserted supremacy of national government. Gov power to regulate the economy
Gibbon v. Ogden	clarified the scope of federal power over interstate commerce, ruling that the Commerce Clause of the Constitution grants Congress the authority to regulate commerce between states.
Cherokee cases	affirming the sovereignty of Native American tribes and their right to self-governance.(but Andrew Jackson went against it)
Plessy v. Ferguson	upheld racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine, establishing the legal basis for racial discrimination in public facilities and services
Brown v. Board	overturned Plessy v. Ferguson
Roe v. Wade (1973)	legalized abortion nationwide by ruling that the constitutional right to privacy extends to a woman's decision to terminate her pregnancy.
Korumatsu v. US	constitutionality of Japanese American internment during World War II, based on military necessity
Schenck v. US	established the "clear and present danger" test, limiting free speech during war time
Beacon's Rebellion	Jamestown burned by indentured servants, made slavery seem like better idea
Gaspee Incident	burning of a taxation ship
Jacksonian Democracy	created the "era of Common Man" which is basically white male suffrage / tariff of 1832 called nullification issues since tariff benefits the north /
whigs	emerged in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party. Strong federal gov
espionage act(WWI)	prohibited obtaining information, recording pictures, or copying descriptions of any information relating to the national defense
16th amendment	income tax
12th amendment	vice president incidnet
13th amendment	slavery is illegal
14th amendment	No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United State
15th amendment	right to vote (not women)
20th amendment
sharecropper

Created by: Akai

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