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Life on Earth ALL
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What do the arrows in a food chain show? | The chemical energy being passed on |
| What do all food chains begin with? | A producer |
| How do green plants make their own food? | By converting light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis |
| What is the source of all energy within a food chain? | The sun |
| Why are food chains rare and give an example | because animals generally have more than one food source and more than one predator. E.g. rabbits eat grass and lettuce, and are also prey to foxes and weasels |
| How many times does an organisms name appear in a food web | Once |
| Explain what a niche is, and what it involves? | the role an organism plays within a community. relates to the resources the organism requires in its ecosystem and its interactions with other organisms in the community. It involves competition and predation and the conditions the organisms can tolerate |
| What factors determine an organisms niche? | The factors which determine an organisms niche are related to its feeding habits, habitat, place in the food chain and life history |
| What is competition? | A rivalry between living things which both need the same resources |
| When does competition occur? | Occurs when resources are short in supply |
| How many types of competition are there and name them | 2, intraspecific and interspecific |
| When does interspecific competition occur? | Occurs amongst individuals of different species for one or a few of the resources they require |
| How can competition between different species reduce? | If the 2 species reach some sort of compromise |
| What might species do when reaching a compromise during interspecific competition | They might eat slightly different foods, or seek the same food at different times of the day, or thrive in a habitat that their competitors cannot tolerate. |
| When does intraspecific competition occur? | occurs amongst individuals of the same species and is for all the same resources required |
| What is the difference between a compromise in interspecific competition than intraspecific competition? | Unlike animals of different species that can reduce competition by adopting different eating habits receive their food at different times of the day, members of the same population need exactly the same resources |
| Which competition is more intense and why? | Intraspecific competition is even more intense because members of the same species compete for ALL of the same resources |
| What does competition regulate? | It regulates the size of population as the weaker members are weeded out by natural selection |
| What do animals often compete for? | Food, water, space or mates |
| What do plants often compete for? | Sunlight, water, nutrients and space to grow |
| Where is photosynthesis carried out? | In the chloroplasts of green plants |
| What is photosynthesis? | An enzyme controlled process where green plants make sugar and oxygen using sunlight water and carbon dioxide. |
| What is the word equation for photosynthesis? | light Carbon dioxide + water ——> sugar + oxygen chlorophyll |
| What are the two stages of photosynthesis? | Light reactions and carbon fixation |
| What is the chemical substance found in photosynthesis? | Chlorophyll |
| Name the two raw materials of photosynthesis in stage one | Carbon dioxide and water |
| Name the useful products of stage one and explain what happens to them | The useful products are ATP and hydrogen, and they are both passed onto stage two |
| Name the products from stage one that is not needed in stage two, and what happens to it? | Oxygen and diffuses out of the cell in the first stage as a byproduct |
| Name the product made during stage two photosynthesis | Sugar |
| How can the rate of photosynthesis be measured? | By measuring carbon dioxide uptake or volume of oxygen produced |
| What are the three possible fees for the sugar produce during photosynthesis? | 1. Respiration 2. Starch- storage molecule (stored leaves) 3. Cellulose- structural molecule (used in cell wall) |
| What chemical can we use to test for the storage carbohydrate produced from photosynthesis, and what colour change would be expect to see? | Iodine is the chemical we can use, and the colour change we would expect to see is blue/black |
| What is a limiting factor? | A factor which slows down the process because it’s in short supply |
| What are the limiting factors of photosynthesis? | Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature |
| What will happen if any of the limiting factors are short and supply? | Then the rate of photosynthesis will be slower and cell may not have enough glucose sugar to release energy from, during respiration |
| When temperature is the limiting factor, why does the graph looks slightly different? | Because photosynthesis involves the series of enzyme controlled reactions and enzymes are sensitive to temperature |
| What happens to the rate of photosynthesis when the temperatures are low? | The rate of photosynthesis is low |
| What happens to the rate of photosynthesis when the temperature increases? | It’s increases until it goes above the optimum temperature and the enzyme becomes denatured |
| What temperatures do plant enzymes work best between? | It works best between 20-25 Celsius and photosynthesis will stop at about 45 Celsius as enzymes become denatured |
| What quantity of energy is used for growth and is therefore available at the next level in the food chain? | Only a very small quantity (10%) |
| What happens to the organisms as you move along a food chain? | There are fewer but bigger organisms |
| What is most of the energy gained by a consumer used for? | Used for movement, and in warm blooded animals for keeping warm |
| When energy is passed along the food chain, what are the causes of energy loss? | Movement, heat, undigestive waste Very little is used for the growth of the organism and therefore very little can be used by the next level of the food chain |
| What does the length of each bar represent in the pyramid of numbers? | Represents the number of organisms at each level of the food chain |
| What happens as you move up the food chain? | The size of the organism are each level usually gets bigger (increases) and the number of them decreases |
| Why does some pyramids of numbers have irregular shapes? | Because it’s based on different body sizes and large number of tiny parasites can live on one large organism which is why they have an irregular shape |
| What are pyramids of energy usually measured in? | Kilojoules (KJ) of dry mass per square meter per year |
| What does the length of each bar show in a pyramid of energy? | It shows how much energy is available at each level and the food chain |
| What happens at each (tropic) level of a pyramid of energy and what does this allow? | The energy available always decreases thus always giving a pyramid shape. It allows a more reliable comparison between the organisms found at a different level in a food chain based on their productivity |
| State two reasons in which energy can be lost from a food chain | Movement and heat |
| What type of pyramid is a more reliable method of representing organisms in a food chain? | Pyramid of energy because it always takes a true pyramid shape |
| What information is used to describe an organisms niche? | Terms to describe her interacts with other organisms, how much nutrients are needed, what temperature it can tolerate |
Created by:
Ayesha.Saheel