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Physics 400B Final
Study guide flashcards for PHYS400B on Northstar
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| pitch | Frequency of sound; relates to period and wavelength |
| Resonant frequencies | Multiples of the fundamental frequency of an instrument |
| Standing and generated sound waves | Will have the same period and frequency |
| Transverse wave | particles in a medium move perpendicular to the wave |
| Longitudinal wave | particles in a medium move parallel to the wave (all waves in liquid and gas) |
| Rarefaction | point on a medium where longitudinal wave is at minimum density |
| Constructive interference | Two waves meet that have displacement in the same direction |
| Destructive interference | Two waves meet that have displacement in opposite directions |
| Factors affecting wave speed | elastic properties: less = higher v; inertial properties: less = higher v |
| First way light behaves as a wave | Diffracts around or through obstacles and openings |
| Second way light behaves as a wave | Reflects and refracts upon reaching a boundary |
| Third way light behaves as a wave | Interference |
| Double Slit Experiment | By Thomas Young which showed that light behaves like a sound wave following Huygen's principle and interfering |
| Black body | Idealized version of a radiating object; wavelength decreases inverse to temperature |
| Ultraviolet catastrophe | theoretical black body would produce infinite energy as wavelength of light continued to decrease; Planck's solution began quantum theory |
| Quantum mechanics | everything at a quantum level behaves as a wave |
| Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle | you cannot entirely accurately know the position and momentum of a particle, and getting a more accurate reading of one will decrease the accuracy of another |
| Proton | discrete packet of electromagnetic energy that behaves as a particle and a wave |
| Photoelectric effect | increased intensity only increases the number of ejected electrons, but not the kinetic energy; there is a cutoff frequency below which electrons are not ejected; higher frequency increases maximum kinetic energy |
| Law of reflection | angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection |
| Converging/convex lens | converges light rays to principle axis; thick center |
| Diverging/concave lens | diverges light rays from principle axis; thin center |
| Hyperopia | farsightedness correctable by converging lens |
| Myopia | nearsightedness correctable by diverging lens |
| Concave rules | incident ray travelling parallel to principle axis will pass through the focal point when reflecting, and vice versa |
| Object beyond C | located in specified region, inverted, reduced, real |
| Object at C | center of curvature, inverted, equal, real |
| Object between C and F | beyond center, inverted, larger, real |
| Object at F | no image |
| Object in convex mirror | behind mirror, virtual, upright, and smaller |
| Object in plane mirror | behind mirror, virtual, upright, equal |
| Electron compared to Proton | Electrons are faster at the same wavelengths as protons |
| Negative mirror magnification | image is inverted, so mirror must be concave |
| Refraction into denser material | angle bends closer to center line |
| Refraction into less dense material | angle bends away from center line |
| Critical angle | all angles greater will be totally reflected, and angles equal will refract at 90 degrees |
| Object between F and mirror | upright, virtual, bigger |
| Induction | without touching, if a charged object is brought near uncharged then the charges inside will attract/repulse giving each side a slight charge that stays if split |
| Negative charge | Electric field goes towards |
| Positive charge | Electric field goes away |
| Coulomb | 6.25*10^18 electrons |
| q of single charge | 1.6*10^-19 |
| equipotential lines | perpendicular to field lines and form concentric circles around very large masses or equally spaced areas over uniform fields |
| proton moving with electric field lines | from high to low potential and losing electric potential energy |
| electron moving with electric field lines | from high to low potential and gaining electric potential energy |
| electric potential | energy that would be put in to move a charge against the electric field in order to be in a position (what it would take for it to return to normal if let go) |
| voltage | measures the electric potential difference across two points (one must be relative zero) |
| conventional current | direction that positive charges would move through circuit even though electrons are the ones actually moving |
| resistance | reduces potential energy of a charge flowing through it by converting it to something else |
| ampere | flow of one coulomb per second |
| chemical cell | produce voltage with chemical reactions; wet: two different material electrodes are suspended in an electrolyte, dry: mainly paste with very little liquid |
| ammeter | measures current of a circuit; connected in series otherwise most of the flow would divert to the meter |
| voltmeter | measures voltage drop across a resistor; high res. connected in parallel so current will travel through resistor |
| galvanometer | uses magnetic field generated by current to push a needle which can be used as an ammeter of voltmeter depending on placement |
| Capacitor | two parallel conductive plates of opposite charge with an electric field between them; object will have electric potential energy when held in field |
| Capacitance | ability of a capacitor to hold more charge/energy; can increase through usage of dielectric material between plates; not affected by charges of plates |
| Kilowatt-hour | measure of energy used to power electrical circuits |
| electric circuit requirements | must have a closed, conductive path from positive to negative terminals and there must be an electric potential difference across the two ends of a circuit (like a battery) |
| Series circuit | only one pathway for a charge to flow through |
| Parallel circuit | more than one pathway for a charge to flow through |
| Equivalent resistnace | will be greater than largest for series, and smaller than smallest for parallel |
| Direct current | constant current in one direction |
| Alternating current | induced current reverses direction at regular intervals which is more energy efficient |
| Earth's magnetic poles | Earth's south pole is geographically north, and its north pole is geographically south, but they are named based on geography for convenience |
| Electricity and magnetism | Linked; electric current produces magnetic field, and magnetic field produces electric current |
| Right hand rule | straight pointer finger is in the direction of the current, bent middle finger is in the direction of the field, and thumb is in the direction of the force |
| magnetic flux | product of the magnitude of the magnetic field, the magnitude of the area vector, and the cosine of the degree between them |
Created by:
lcurrey
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