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Polynesian Expansion
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Wayfinding | A traditional Polynesian method of navigation that involves observing natural elements such as the stars, waves, and birds to determine one's position at sea. |
| What is Rapa Nui? | Rapa Nui is a tiny island in the Pacific Ocean also known as Easter Island. |
| Which explorer found Rapa Nui? | Jacob Roggeveen, a Dutch explorer. |
| How many Habitants lived on Rapa Nui? | 15000 |
| An environmental factor of the fall of Rapa Nui | Many people came to the island and utilised too many resources, and space. Resulting in deforestation which led to a decline in society. |
| A Societal factor of the fall of Rapa Nui | The rate of the decline led the islanders to participate in vicious conflict and cannibalistic incidents have been uncovered. |
| When was the discovery of the land of the long white cloud (New Zealand)? | Archaeological evidence suggests that sometime between 800 and 1130 CE, a small group of Polynesian people, maybe a single family, sailed from the Cook Islands to the coast of New Zealand. |
| Why do they think that the voyage to New Zealand was planned? | Because they had plenty of food, supplies, and people it wouldn't make sense if they weren't there to settle. |
| 1 way of navigating | . Charts made from sticks and shells showed islands and sea currents and were passed down from generation to generation. |
| 1 way of navigating | . Knowledge of the stars and other natural signs, such as the flight patterns of the birds and the shape of clouds, also helped guide the voyagers across the seas. |
| What does Maori mean? | The first people of New Zealand, meaning 'original people'. |
| What did the Maori name their land? | Aotearoa meaning 'the land of the long white cloud' |
| Who does the Maori legend claim as the first explorer to reach Aotearoa? | The navigator Kupe |
| Stage 1 of Maori history ( in Aotearoa ) | Nga Kakano ( the seeds ) 800- 1200 CE When the first Polynesian settlers and their children, known as the Moa hunters, arrived in New Zealand. They lived by hunting and gathering rather than farming. They found it sufficient for their needs. |
| Stage 2 of Maori history ( in Aotearoa ) | Te Tipunga ( The Growth ) 13th to 16th century. During this period, the Maori expanded their presence across New Zealand discovering the settling in more remote areas. They started developing their unique cultural traditions, beliefs, and art. |
| Stage 3 of Maori history ( in Aotearoa ) | Te Puawaitanga ( The Flowering ) 16th to 19th century. This period is known for the creation of beautiful Maori art. European explorers and settlers documented features of Maori classical society and culture during this time. |
| Stage 4 of Maori history ( in Aotearoa ) | Te Huringa(The Turning Point)19th century to present increased contact between Maori and Europeans. Bringing the modern world into Maori culture. It is considered a turning point due to significant changed and influences from European contact. |
| Ariki | Supreme chief. Gained his position through birth and exceptional personal qualities including tapu ( sacred wisdom), mana (authority), Ihi ( excellence), Wehi (power inherited from the gods and the ancestors. |
| Rangatira | Chief. Gained this position from father, made all majors decisions in the iwi (tribe) and leads all religious ceremonies. He wore a whale ivory pendent and carried a ceremonial patu or club. |
| Kaumatua | Elders, appointed by the tribe because they possessed the wisdom to educate the young and guide the iwi. In early Maori society, the Kaumatua were believed to be the spirits of wise people who had been born again. |
| Tohunga | Priest, held the knowledge of clan history and ancestry running back over hundreds of years, as well as astronomy, religious rituals and prayers, how to heal the sick and farewell the dead. Some Tohunga had skills such as carving, canoe building or tatooi |
| Tutua | commoners, members of an iwi claiming descent from the ancestors arriving with the great fleet. |
| Taurekarek | Slaves, war captives or born into slavery. Prepared food, fetched water, gardened, and paddled canoes. They had no privileges and could be sacrificed during ceremonies including cannibalism. |
| What is the climate and landscape of New Zealand? | The climate in New Zealand is characterized by its size and location, with heavy forests dominated by huge tress and thick fern beds extending to the coastline. |
| What posed challenges and opportunities for the Maori people ? | The climate and landscape of New Zealand. The geographical diversity of New Zealand, shaped by its unique climate geological features, and historical context. As the Maori people adapted to their new homeland. |
| What is a Moa? | The moa is a flightless bird native to New Zealand. It became an abundant food source for the Maori, providing mean and large eggs essential for survival. |
| What led to the Moa extinction? | Despite the young moa being preyed upon by the Haast's eage, the absence of natural predators for adult moa contributed to their overhunting and eventual extinction by the fifteenth century. |
| When was the moa extinct? | 15th century. |
| What is Rahui? | a form of tapu practised by the Maori, played a crucial role in limiting resource use to conserve natural resources. It was implemented to conserve limited food supplies and other natural resources by preventing the gathering of food in designated areas. |
| What did the Great Fleet bring to New Zealand? | Essential foods plants such as taro, yam, gourd, and kumara |
| What is a Flax Plant? | Fibre from the native flax plant was utilized to make cloth, replacing traditional bark cloth (tapa) from other Polynesian societies. |
| What animals were used and transported by the settlers from Polynesia to aid their survival? | Kiore ( Polynesian rat ) and the Kuri ( Polynesian dog ) |
| Structures of a fortified village (pa) 1 | Storage pits covered by low roofs, used for storing vegetables Pataka, storage houses built on platforms so rats and dogs x steal the fish, meat, berries, and other goods. Weapons and valuables were also kept here. Shelters for canoes and cooking sites. |
| Structures of a fortified village (pa) 2 | Whare ruanga, the meeting house was the focus of all cultural and tribal activities. It was a sacred building filled with symbolism. The village water source, water was carried everyday from outside wells and rivers. |
| Structures of a fortified village (pa) 3 | Whare whakairo, carved house, the family home of the village Rangatira. A large pit filled with hot rocks was located in the centre to keep the family warm at night. |
| What is Ta Moko | The practise of classical Maori tattooing. A blade or bone chisel injected a sooty pigment into skin, leaving a grooved scar. In traditional Maori society men were marked on face, backside, and thighs whereas women were tattooed on the face and breast. |
| What did the tattoo represent? | It represented culture and belief. Moko showed Maori rank, genealogy and tribal history. |
| How did they make sacrifices for art? | To get resources and materials for their art could be dangerous. To do so, they had to travel through ice and snow,, climb steep cliffs with ropes and cross wild rivers. |
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