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rachel fischer
exam 1 review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The patient may choose to assume a relatively small statistical risk of exposure to ionizing radiation for a physician to obtain essential diagnostic medical information when: 1. Illness occurs 2. Injury occurs 3. A specific imaging procedure for hea | 1,2,3 |
| If a child receives a dose of radiation in a CT scan where adult protocols are used, the child, because of smaller in size, will receive a: | Higher effective dose than would ad adult, but the image produced will appear to be of acceptable quality |
| An effective radiation safety program requires a firm commitment to radiation safety by: 1. Facilities providing imaging services 2. Radiation workers 3. Patients | 1 and 2 |
| The mSv is equal to: | 1/1000 of a Sv |
| The degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reveals the presence of absence of disease in the patient while adhering to radiation safety guidelines defines: | Diagnostic efficacy |
| The amount of ionization produced in the air when ionizing radiation is present is known as | Exposure |
| Monitoring and reporting of patient dose for CT and interventional procedures can lead to: | A reduction in patient radiation dose |
| The term optimization for radiation protection (ORP) is a synonymous with: | ALARA |
| a method that can be used to answer patient's questions about the amount of radiation from a radiographic procedure | BERT |
| Effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation defines: | radiation protection |
| The amount of radiation actually received by a patient from a diagnostic x-ray procedure may be indicates in terms such as: 1. Entrance skin exposure, which includes skin and glandular dose 2. Bone marrow dose 3. Gonadal dose | 1,2,3 |
| processes is the foundation for imaging of the interactions of x-rays with human tissue? | Ionization |
| Why are the long-term effects, such as increased incidence of cancer in the exposed population living near Japan's Fukushima Dalichi Nuclear Power Plant, unable to be accurately determined? | It was extremely difficult to measure amounts of radiation people received |
| According to the most recent available data from 2016, what is the radiation dose from natural background radiation attributed to exposure from radon and thoron | 2.3 mSv |
| are natural sources of ionizing radiation | Radioactive elements in the crust of the earth and in the human body |
| An equivalent dose as low as 250 mSv delivered to the whole body may cause which of the following within a few days? | A substantial decrease within a few days in the number of lymphocytes or white blood cells that are the body's primary defense against disease |
| How is actual radiation dose to the global population from atmospheric fallout fron nuclear weapons testing received? | It is not received all at once but instead delivered over a period of years at changing dose rates |
| As of 2016, which of the following is the total average annual radiation equivalent dose from medical, human-made, and natural radiation? | 5.5 mSv per year |
| The Russian liquidators who worked during 1986 and 1987 at the Chernobyl power complex demonstrated a statistically significant rise in the number of: 1. Breast cancer cases 2. Leukemia cases 3. Prostate cancer cases | 2 only |
| is recognized as the main adverse health effect from the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident | Increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer in children and adolescence |
| Exit, or image -formation radiation is composed of | Noninteracting and small angle scattered photons |
| contributes significantly to the exposure of the radiograph? | Compton scattered photons |
| what defines attenuation | Absorption and scatter |
| In the radiographic kilovoltage range, structures undergoes the most photoelectric absorption? | Compact bone |
| x-ray interactions with matter is the energy of the incident photon partially absorbed? | Compton |
| When a high atomic number solution is either swallowed or injected into human tissue during an imaging procedure, which of the following occurs? | Photoelectric interaction becomes significantly enhanced, leading to an increase in the absorbed does in the body tissues or structures that contain the contrast medium |
| characteristics primarily differentiates the probability of occurrence of the various interactions of x-radiation with human tissue? | Energy of the incoming photon |
| Which of the following influences attenuation? 1. Effective atomic number of the absorber 2. Mass density 3. Thickness of the absorber | 1, 2 and 3 |
| A decrease in the contrast of the image by adding an unwanted additional exposure (radiographic fog) results from which of the following interactions between x-radiation and matter? 1. Compton scattering 2. Pair production 3. Photoelectric absorption | 1 only |
| The interaction of x-ray photons with any atoms of biologic matter are: | Random, so the effects of such interactions cannot be predicted with certainty |
| what is used as the first measure of exposure for ionizing radiation? | Skin erythema |
| A radiation weighing factor (Wr) has been established for each of the following ionizing radiations: x-rays (Wr = 1), fast neutrons (Wr =20), and alpha particles (Wr = 20). What is the total equivalent dose insieverts for a person who has received the fol | 7.6 Sv |
| what is the unit of collective effective dose? | Person-Sievert |
| The concept of tissue weighing factor (Wt) is used to do | Account for the risk to the entire organism brought on by irradiation of individual tissues and organs |
| To convert the number of gray into milli-gray, the number of gray must be: | Multiplied by 1000 |
| What is the SI radiation unit coulomb per kilogram used to specify? | Radiation exposure in air only |
| what radiation quantities accounts for some biologic tissues being more sensitive to radiation damage than other tissues? | Equivalent dose |
| The radiation weighing factor for alpha particles is 20, and the tissue weighing factor for the lungs is .12. If the lungs receive an absorbed dose of 0.2 Gyt from alpha particles, what is the effective dose? | 0.48 Sv |
| If 100 people received an average effective dose of 0.35 Sv, what is the collective effective dose? | 35 person-Sv |
| How is the SI unit for dose area product (DAP) usually specified> | mGy-cm squared |
| Which level of quality control testing can usually be performed by a quality assurance/quality management technologist: Level I, Level II, or Level III? | I and II |
| Which government agency mandates a policy on exposure to blood-borne pathogens? | OSHA |
| term that best describes information or knowledge necessary to achieve a desired outcome | Input |
| what best describes a person, department or organization that needs or wants a desired outcome? | Customer |
| Who is considered to be the "Father of Scientific Management"? | Frederick Winslow Taylor |
| The unit of measure used to express the dose equivalent to occupational workers is | Sievert |
| what does not affect patient dose during diagnostic radiography? | Focal spot-size |
| The current U.S. regulatory dose limit to the fetus of a radiation worker is: | .5mSv/month |
| The current U.S regulatory dose limit for the annual whole-body effective dose to radiation workers is: | 50 mSv |
| Who regulates the use of radioactive materials in the U.S. | NRC |
| what term best describes the entire set or group of items being measured? | Population |
| what term best describes variables that have only two values or choices? | Dichotomous Variables |
| what term best describes the average set of observations? | Mean |
| A cause and effect diagram is also known as | Fishbone chart/graph |
| what term best describes a chart that pictorially demonstrates whether key indicators are moving up or down over a given period? | Trend chart |
| The distribution of continuous data can best be demonstrated by the use of | Histogram |
| what is not a tool for data presentation | Brainstorming |
| How many basic steps are involved in the creation of a thought process map? | 5 |
| A procedure to identify potential failure within a system is_________________> | FMEA |
| what groups is usually responsible for implementing the solutions that the focus groups have determined will improve a particular process? There may be more than one choice. | Work Team and Quality Improvement team |
| what term best describes the amount of light that is emitted from or scattered by a surface? | Luminance |
| what terms is the unit most commonly used to measure luminance? | Nit |
| what terms best describes the ability of an imaging system to create separate images of closely spaced high-contrast objects as separate and distinct? | Spatial resolution |
| what terms also is referred to as the true-positive fraction? | Sensitivity |
| A digital radiography flat panel detector element size will help to determine | Spatial resolution |
| If the bit depth of a magnetic resonance imaging scanner is 12 bits, how many shades of gray can be present in the image? | 4096 |
| Detective quantum efficiency is a measure of | X-ray absorption |
| The window width setting in a digital imaging system is used to manipulate which of the following values? | Image contrast |
| The type of contrast that is caused by variations in the tissue density within the anatomic part to be imaged defines | Subject contrast |
| Which modality generally displays the greatest spatial resolution? | MRI |
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rf4628