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nucmed
detectors
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Commonly used radioactive tracers: | TC COF // PS TIG Tritium phosphorus-32 Carbon-11 sulfur-35 Carbon-14 technetium-99 Oxygen-15 iodine-123 Fluorine-18 gallium-67 |
| Ex. of POSITRON emitters: | CP NOFI Carbon-11 Oxygen-15 Potassium-40 fluorine-18 Nitrogen-13 iodine-121 |
| is an analytical method to determine the potency or effect of a substance by its effect on living animals or plants (in vivo), or on living cells or tissues (in vitro). | bioassay |
| are used in imaging tests that help find problems inside the body. These tracers give off particles that can be detected and turned into a picture to help find problems in organs or other structures. | Radioactive tracers |
| are substances with atomic or nuclear, physical, chemical or biological properties that can help identify, observe or follow the behavior of various physical, chemical or biological processes. | Tracers |
| detection devices are used to Quantify activity for the following applications: | ➤ measuring doses of radiopharmaceuticals ➤ performing radiotracer bioassays ➤ monitoring and controlling radiation risk in the clinical environment MPM |
| * are categorized in terms of function * the physical state of the transducer, or the mode of operation. | Detectors |
| * is an electronic device that converts energy from one form to another. | transducer |
| * Common examples of transducer include: | ML TAP * microphones, * loudspeakers, * thermometers, * antenna. * position and pressure sensors, and |
| is typically used to measure wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation (light) that has interacted with a sample. | spectrometer |
| identify tracks left by nuclear interactions. | photographic plates |
| use to discover Sub-nuclear particles | cloud chambers |
| When the gas in the detector comes in contact with radiation, it reacts, with the gas becoming ionized and the resulting electronic charge being measured by a meter. | GAS FILLED |
| major difference of Gas filled detectors among other detectors | Major difference: applied voltage across the detector, which determines the type of response that the detector will register from an ionization event. |
| operate at a low voltage, meaning that the detector only registers a measurement from the “primary” ions caused by an interaction with a radioactive photon in the reaction chamber. | Ionization chambers. (I |
| useful as a measure of absorbed dose over time. | Ionization chambers. |
| They are also valuable for the measurement of high-energy gamma rays | Ionization chambers. |
| unable to discriminate between different types of radiation | Ionization chambers. |
| very valuable as a contamination screening detector. | Proportional counters |
| they have a strong enough voltage that the ions “drift” towards the detector anode. | Proportional counters |
| are able to tell the difference between different types of radiation that they come into contact with. | Proportional counters |
| perform similarly to an ion chamber, in that interactions with radiation create ion pairs. | Proportional counters |
| Operating at a much higher voltage than other detector types | Geiger-Mueller (G-M) tubes. |
| is the most commonly used detector for the detection of ionizing radiation. | Geiger-Mueller (G-M) tubes. |
| they can only really function as simple counting devices, used to measure count rates or, with the correct algorithms applied, dose rates. | Geiger-Mueller (G-M) tubes. |
| it is the most commonly used detector | GAS FILLED |
| types of Detectors: | 1. Gas-Filled Detectors 2. Scintillators, 3. Solid State detectors. GSS |
| is the act of giving off light | Scintillation |
| it is the ability of some material to scintillate when exposed to radiation that makes them useful as detectors. | SCINTILLATORS |
| detectors are able to capture specific spectroscopic profiles for the measured radioactive materials. | scintillation detectors |
| Scintillation detectors work through the connection of a scintillator material with a __________ | photomultiplier (PM) tube. |
| are extremely sensitive detectors of light in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. | The photomultiplier (PM) tubes |
| gives information on the type of radioactive material present. | The photomultiplier (PM) tubes |
| Due to their high sensitivity and their potential ability to “identify” radioactive sources | The photomultiplier (PM) tubes |
| are particularly useful for radiation security applications. | scintillation detectors |
| The last major detector technology used in radiation detection instruments are | solid state detectors. |
| they operate much like an ion chamber, simply at a much smaller scale, and at a much lower voltage. | SOLID STATE |
| Generally use as a semiconductor material in solid state | silicon |
| they are also useful for instruments operating in areas with particularly strong radiation fields. | SOLID STATE |
| They are also able to withstand a much higher amount of radiation over their lifetime | SOLID STATE |
| is a versatile tool for the assessment of dose from ionising radiation. | Thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD) |
| is a passive radiation detection device that is used for personal dose monitoring or to measure patient dose. | Thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD) |
| TLD allow the determination of different radiation qualities at dose levels from _______________ | microGy to kGy |
| thermoluminescent material discs are commonly made of | calcium sulphate doped with dysprosium (CaSO4:Dy) or lithium fluoride (LiF) |
| is a personal dosimeter used for monitoring cumulative radiation dose due to ionizing radiation. | Film badge dosimeter or film badge |
| The badge consists of two parts: | photographic film and a holder. |
| A detector may be used to detect single events | pulse mode |
| to measure the rate of energy deposition | current mode |
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