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Patho Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Leukemia is classified as: | Acute or chronic |
| A patient has a thrombosis. While reviewing the history, the nurse found the patient has atherosclerosis. To which component of the Virchow triad does the atherosclerosis correlate? | Endothelial injury |
| Hypersplenism occurs when: | the spleen is overactive |
| The best treatment for multiple myeloma: | chemotherapy |
| What type of cell is most affected by acute leukemia? | Blast cell |
| You observe a platelet count of 9,000/mm3, which condition must you monitor for in this patient? | Spontaneous bleeding |
| Which symptoms should you assess for in a patient with Hodgkin's lymphoma? | Night sweats, low-grade fevers, and weight loss |
| A patient has lymphoblastic lymphoma. Which organ is most affected? | Thymus |
| A patient has multiple myeloma. Which area in the body does the nurse closely monitor for the tumor masses? | bones |
| A patient has acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Which laboratory report should the nurse monitor closely in this patient? | Lymphocyte counts |
| Aortic stenosis results in the incomplete emptying of the: | left ventricle |
| One complication of sustained hypertension is: | Anemia |
| Mitogens, such as angiotensin II, and growth factors stimulate: | Smooth muscle proliferation |
| If a patient's history indicates that the cardiac valve disease is autosomal dominant, which diagnosis will the nurse observe written in the chart? | Mitral valve prolapse |
| Prinzmetal angina is caused by: | Vasospasm |
| A patient is diagnosed with chronic pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. Which of the following heart failures does the nurse assess for in this patient? | Right -sided heart failure |
| A patient's coronary blood flow is insufficient to meet the metabolic demands of the myocytes. Which term will the nurse use to describe this process? | myocardial ischemia |
| A nurse is asked why myocardial ischemia is usually reversible within 20 minutes. What is the nurse's best response? | anaerobic metabolism maintains cellular integrity for approximately 20 minutes |
| The main white blood cell that plays a role in the development of the fatty streak in atherosclerosis is the: | macrophage |
| Secondary hypertension is caused by: | an underlying disease process or medication that raises peripheral vascular resistance or cardiac output |
| High ventilation/perfusion (V7Q) ratio can be caused by: | obstruction to the pulmonary blood flow |
| Dyspnea that occurs when an individual lies flat and is common in individuals with heart failure: | Orthopnea |
| All disorders associated with ARDS cause massive pulmonary: | Inflammation |
| A patient has recently developed chronic bronchitis Which assessment finding is typical for this patient? | A productive cough |
| What term is used to describe hypertrophy of the nailbeds due to chronic hypoxemia? | Clubbing |
| A patient has pleuritic chest pain, shortness of breath, and hemoptysis. The primary care provider suspects a pulmonary embolus. Which laboratory test should the nurse check to help confirm this diagnosis? | d-diner levels |
| Which assessment finding indicates that the patient is experiencing dyspnea? | Feelings of shortness of breath |
| A patient in the emergency room reports coughing up blood, night sweats, and recently "feeling tired all of the time.” The patient is feverish. What medical condition does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing? | tuberculosis |
| An area where alveoli are ventilated but not perfused is termed: | Alveolar dead space |
| Obstruction to pulmonary blood flow results in: | decreased perfusion and a high V/Q ratio |
| An IV drug user was diagnosed with hepatitis C 5 years ago. The patient is now experiencing impaired blood clotting. The nurse suspects a decrease in which of the following vitamins? | K |
| A 2-year-old malnourished child is diagnosed with vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies. A blood smear suggests the deficiency is macrocytic and normochromic. The nurse would expect the hemoglobin to be: | Normal |
| A 40 year old develops disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Upon obtaining the history, which finding is the most likely cause of this condition? | Sepsis |
| After initial compensation, what hemodynamic change should the nurse monitor for in a patient who has a reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes? | Hyperdynamic circulatory state |
| A patient is diagnosed with primary thrombocythemia. A nurse would expect the blood smear to reveal _____ platelets. | Overproduced |
| A 50-year-old female was diagnosed with sideroblastic anemia. Which of the following assessment findings would most likely occur? | Bronze-colored skin |
| What is a priority assessment for Hodgkin lymphoma in children? | Painless adenopathy in cervical nodes |
| If an infant has hydrops fetalis, which type of thalassemia does the nurse suspect? | Alpha major |
| Sickled cells will be removed from circulation mostly by the: | Spleen |
| A 3-year-old child presents with bruising on the legs and trunk and a petechial rash. The mother also reports frequent nosebleeds. Lab tests reveal a decreased platelet count. This symptomology supports which medical diagnosis? | Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) |
| A 5-year-old male is diagnosed with leukemia. Which of the following symptoms would the nurse expect? (Select all that apply.) | Fatigue, pallor, petechiae, fever |
| What is the most serious complication of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)? | Intracranial bleeding |
| A 55-year-old male died of a myocardial infarction. Autopsy would most likely reveal: | platelet aggregation within the atherosclerotic coronary artery. |
| A 56 year old presents to his primary care provider for a checkup. Physical exam reveals edema, hepatomegaly, and muffled heart sounds. Which of the following is of greatest concern to the nurse? | Tamponade |
| Individuals with Raynaud disease need to be counseled to avoid which of the following conditions to prevent severe symptoms? | Cold exposure |
| A 68-year-old male presents to the ER reporting chest pain. He has a history of stable angina that now appears to be unstable. He most likely has: | impending myocardial infarction (MI). |
| A 52-year-old male presents with pooling of blood in the veins of the lower extremities and edema. The diagnosis is chronic venous insufficiency, and an expected assessment finding of this disorder is: | Skin hyperpigmentation |
| A nurse takes an adult patient’s blood pressure and determines it to be normal. What reading did the nurse obtain? | Systolic pressure less than 120 mm Hg and diastolic pressure less than 80 mm Hg |
| An 8-week-old infant presents to the pediatrician for a well-baby checkup. Physical exam reveals a murmur, and an echocardiogram confirms a ventricular septal defect. Which genetic disorder is likely to accompany this diagnosis? | Down syndrome |
| A newborn is severely cyanotic. An echocardiogram reveals transposition of the great arteries. What is the characteristic defect associated with this condition? | The aorta leaving the right ventricle |
| Intrauterine exposure to which factor could be responsible for a diagnosis of congenital heart disease? | Viral infection |
| A 1-month-old infant was diagnosed with truncus arteriosus (TA) with a ventricular septal defect. This condition results in: | blood from both ventricles mixing in a common vessel. |
| A newborn develops a murmur and cyanosis shortly after birth. A diagnosis of pulmonic stenosis (PS) is made after an echocardiogram revealed narrowing of the pulmonary: | Valve |
| A newborn experiences frequent periods of cyanosis, usually occurring during crying or after feeding. Which cardiac diagnosis does this history support? | Tetralogy of Fallot |
| A 22 year old presents with chronic bronchitis. Tests reveal closure of the airway during expiration. This condition is most likely caused by: | thick mucus from hypertrophied glands |
| A 20 year old presents reporting difficulty breathing when lying down. What term should the nurse use to document this condition? | Orthopnea |
| Aspiration of oral secretions increases a patient’s risk for which complication? | Pneumonia |
| A 65 year old diagnosed with emphysema presents to the ER for difficulty breathing. Physical exam reveals both bluish skin and mucous membranes. What term will the nurse use to document these observations? | Cyanosis |
| A 50-year-old male is diagnosed with pulmonary embolism (PE). Which of the following symptoms most likely occurred before treatment is initiated? | Chest pain and shortness of breath |
| Which is a characteristic of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH)? (Select all that apply.) | Fatigue, dyspnea, JVD |
| A newborn experiencing respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) will demonstrate signs: | Within minutes of birth |
| A 9 year old contracted influenza. Which of the following complications is of greatest concern to the nurse? | Bronchiolitis obliterans |
| During a respiratory assessment of an infant diagnosed with respiratory distress syndrome, a depression in the supraclavicular and intercostal areas of the thorax was noted with inspiration. This observation is documented as: | Retractions |
| A 7 month old presents with cystic fibrosis (CF) accompanied by failure to thrive and frequent, loose, and oily stools. Sweat testing confirms the diagnosis. Which of the following is characteristic of CF? | Thick mucous sputum |
| A 6 month old presents with rhinorrhea, cough, poor feeding, lethargy, and fever and is diagnosed with bronchiolitis. Which of the following will the nurse most likely observe on the culture report? | Respiratory syncytial virus |
| A newborn diagnosed with respiratory distress syndrome is monitored for atelectasis because of: | A lack of surfactant |
| A patient has a dilated ureter from an obstructed upper urinary tract. Which term will the nurse use to describe this condition? | hydroureter |
| A patient experiences relief of bilateral kidney obstruction which results in postobstructive diuresis. What risks are associated with this situation? | Fluid and electrolyte imbalance |
| Which of the following symptom is associated with overactive bladder syndrome? | Nocturia |
| A nurse is describing bladder dysfunction caused by neurologic disorders like stroke, traumatic brain injury, dementia and brain tumors. Which of the following terms refers to this type of bladder dysfunction? | Neurogenic bladder |
| The nurse is assessing a patient with bladder cancer. Which of the following is a typical finding for patients with bladder cancer? | Hematuria |
| A patient with cystitis reports painful urination. The nurse will document this symptom as which of the following? | Dysuria |
| A patient presents with a UTI. The nurse knows that the most common causative pathogen is which of the following? | Escherichia coli |
| A patient has chronic pyelonephritis. What would the nurse expect to see in this patient? | Kidney scarring |
| The nurse is describing the pathophysiology of glomerulonephritis. Which of the following mechanisms represent a major component of both primary and secondary glomerular injury? | Antigen-antibody complexes that deposit within the glomerulus |
| Which of the following occurs when normally soluble material such as calcium and oxalate supersaturates the urine and begins the process of crystal formation? | Kidney stones |
| A 14-year-old girl has failed to menstruate and develop secondary sex characteristics. What term is used to describe this condition? | Primary amenorrhea |
| What term is used when describing the occurrence of sexual maturation in girls before the age of 6 and in boys before the age of 9? | Precocious puberty |
| Dermoid cysts are tumors that contain elements of skin, hair, glands, muscle, cartilage, and bone that can eventually develop into: | Ovarian cancer |
| Risk factors for the development of endometrial cancer include: | obesity, early menarche, and late menopause |
| Exposure in utero to non-steroidal estrogens (diethylstilbestrol [DES]) also has been identified as a risk factor for: | Vaginal cancer |
| Which cancer is the nurse testing for when the Papanicolaou test (Pap smear) is used for routine screening? | Cervical cancer |
| An abnormal dilation of a vein within the spermatic cord that can lead to infertility is known as a: | Varicocele |
| Polycystic ovarian syndrome results in stimulation of follicle growth without ovulation and generally leads to: | Infertility |
| Benign ovarian cysts are classified as: | follicular, corpus luteum/luteal, or dermoid |
| What intervention is recommended for patients with benign breast disease? | monitoring the intake of caffeine and chocolate |
| Tissue damage in acute pancreatitis is caused by: | leakage of pancreatic enzymes into pancreatic tissue |
| The most common cause of chronic pancreatitis is: | Alcohol abuse |
| A patient has a small bowel obstruction. What are the classic symptoms? | vomiting, colicky abdominal pain, and abdominal distension |
| What will be incldued in the initial assessment finding for a stress ulcer in a patient who sustained severe trauma? | Gastrointestinal bleeding |
| Gastrectomy surgery commonly leads to a vitamin B12 deficiency anemia because: | decreased intrinsic factor production results in decreased vitamin B |
| Reflux esophagitis is defined as: | an inflammatory response to gastroesophageal reflux |
| The most common cause of portal hypertension is: | Liver cirrhosis |
| Malabsorption of what vitamin due to injury to the mucosa of the ileum is a common characteristic of Cohn's disease? | Vitamin B12 |
| Disorders is most commonly associated with bright red blood in the stools? | Colorectal cancer |
| What interventions will the nurse include in a plan of care for a patient with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)? | weight reduction, smoking cessation, and elevating the head of the bed 6 inches help to alleviate symptoms |
| A 55 year old presents reporting urinary retention. Tests reveal a lower urinary tract obstruction. Which of the following is the patient at risk for? | Formation of renal calculi |
| What is the most common type of renal stone composed of? | Calcium |
| Bone fractures are a risk factor in chronic renal failure because: | The kidneys fail to activate vitamin D |
| A 75 year old reports loss of urine with cough, sneezing, or laughing. These symptoms support which diagnosis? | Stress incontinence |
| A 29-year-old female presents with frequency, urgency, dysuria, and low back pain. These signs and symptoms support which diagnosis? | Acute cystitis |
| A 5-year-old male was diagnosed with glomerulonephritis. History reveals that he had an infection 3 weeks before the onset of this condition. The infection was most likely located in the: | Respiratory tract |
| A 10-year-old male is diagnosed with glomerulonephritis. Tests reveal the deposition of immunoglobulin IgA in the glomerular capillaries. The nurse will monitor for recurrent: | Hematuria |
| Upon examination of a male infant, it is determined that the urethral meatus is located on the undersurface of the penis. The nurse will document this condition as: | Hypospadias |
| A 15 year old presents with flank pain, irritability, malaise, and fever and is diagnosed with glomerulonephritis. What is the most likely cause of this condition? | Poststreptococcal infection |
| A nurse observes on the chart that a patient is admitted with Wilms tumors. A nurse knows the tumors are found in the: | Kidneys |
| A 30-year-old female with newly diagnosed polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is being counseled by her OB-GYN. The physician indicates that this condition often results in: | Infertility |
| A 40-year-old female presents with cramping and excessive vaginal bleeding. Ultrasound reveals benign uterine tumors in the smooth muscle cells of the myometrium. These tumors are commonly called: | Leiomyomas |
| The most commonly occurring cancer of the female reproductive tract is _____ cancer. | Endometrial |
| A 20-year-old female presents with pelvic and back pain severe enough to miss work beginning with the onset of menses. Physical examination supports the diagnosis of primary dysmenorrhea. The most likely cause of her condition is: | Elevated prostaglandins |
| A 25-year-old female presents with amenorrhea and hirsutism and is diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Lab testing will most likely reveal: | Hyperinsulinemia |
| Which of the following are true regarding prostate cancer? (Select all that apply.) | It is the leading type of nonskin cancer in men in the United States. Prostate cancer death rates have been declining in the United States. |
| Symptoms of acute bacterial prostatitis are similar to symptoms of: | UTi |
| A 38 year old presents reporting difficulty having sexual intercourse because his penis curves during erection. What term describes this condition? | Peyronie disease |
| A 25-year-old sexually active male presents with urethritis and epididymitis, and is diagnosed with the most common bacteria STI in the United States. What is this infection? | Chlamydia |
| A 30 year old presents with penile tenderness and discharge while the physical examination reveals that his foreskin cannot be retracted back over the glans penis. This assessment data is consistent with what condition? | Phimosis |
| A 55 year old is diagnosed with extrahepatic obstructive jaundice that is a result of the obstruction of the: | Common bile duct |
| Acute pancreatitis often manifests with pain to which of the following regions? | Epigatric |
| A serious complication of paraesophageal hiatal hernia is: | Strangulation |
| A 50-year-old male reports episodes of frequently recurring crampy abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bloody stools. A possible diagnosis would be: | Ulcerative colitis |
| The most common clinical manifestation of portal hypertension is _____ bleeding. | Esophageal |
| A 3-month-old female presents with intention tremors, dystonia, greenish-yellow rings in the cornea, and hepatomegaly. Tests reveal a defect on chromosome 13. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | Wilson disease |
| The nurse assessing the patient with biliary atresia would expect to find which primary clinical manifestation? | Jaundice |
| A sign that a newborn infant may have pyloric stenosis is: | olive-sized mass in the upper abdomen |
| A 2-month-old female is brought to the emergency room (ER) for persistent bile-stained vomiting after feeding. Physical examination reveals dehydration, and x-ray reveals gas bubbles in the intestines. What is the most likely cause of this condition? | Malrotation |
| A newborn is diagnosed with biliary atresia. What is the long-term treatment for this disorder? | Liver transplant |
| Which laboratory result will be elevated in a patient with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)? | Fibrin degradation products |
| A nurse suspects that the patient is experiencing disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Which laboratory test should the nurse ask the primary care provider to order? | D-dimer |
| Neutrophilia and a left shift are most commonly associated with: | A bacterial infection |
| Inflammatory cytokines released by Hodgkin's lymphoma tumors often cause: | Night sweats, low-grade fevers, and weight loss |
| The most common cause of hypoparathyroidism is: | parathyroid gland injury or removal |
| The pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) involves: | autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells |
| A major cause of myxedema coma is: | Untreated hypothyroidism |
| A patient is experiencing a thyroid storm. Which assessment findings will the nurse observe? | High levels of thyroid hormone in conjunction with high levels of stress hormones lead to fever, tachycardia, and eventually high-output heart failure |
| Fibromyalgia specifically manifests with: | Trigger/tender point pain |
| A patient has a fracture that broke into several fragments. Which type of fracture did the patient sustain? | Comminuted |
| A factor that contributes to the development of osteoporosis in older women (post-menopausal) is: | Decreased estrogen levels |
| A patient has osteomyelitis. When the nurse is reviewing the laboratory results, which type of organism will the nurse most likely observe on the report? | Bacteria |
| Pain and inflammation associated with gout are caused by crystallization of: | Uric acid |
| Severe trauma can result in the release of myoglobin from skeletal muscle cells, causing a life-threatening condition called: | Rhabdomyolysis |
| Aortic stenosis results in the incomplete emptying of the: | Left ventricle |
| Prinzmetal angina is caused by: | Vasospasm |
| What develops if the flow or oxygen content of coronary blood is insufficient to meet the metabolic demands of myocardial cells? | Myocardial ischemia |
| All disorders associated with ARDS cause massive pulmonary: | Inflammation |
| A productive cough for at least 3 months is the classic sign of: | Chronic bronchitis |
| The sensation of feeling short of breath: | Feeling short of breath |
| An area where alveoli are ventilated but not perfused is termed: | Alveolar dead space |
| An acquired chronic autoimmune disease mediated by antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) at the neuromuscular junction: | Myasthenia gravis |
| Rheumatoid arthritis results from joint inflammation caused by: | Autoimmune injury |
| A set of pins connected to stabilizing bars on the outside of the patient is a type of treatment for fractures called: | External fixation |
| A patient has a small bowel obstruction. Which classic symptoms should the nurse assess for in this patient? | vomiting, colicky abdominal pain, and abdominal distension |
Created by:
CesarSotelo