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Chapter 10
Covers Probation, Parole, and Reentry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| community corrections | the use of a variety of officially ordered program-based sanctions that permit convicted offenders to remain in the community under conditional supervision |
| probation | a sentence of imprisonment that is suspended and served while under supervision in the community |
| As of 2022, how many adults in the U.S. were under community supervision? | 1 in 47 |
| Probation | a sentence of imprisonment that is suspended and served while under supervision in the community |
| Who was the first probation officer? | John Augustus |
| By what year did the federal government and all states adopt probation? | 1925 |
| What is the most common form of criminal sentencing in the US? | probation |
| What percentage of offenders are on probation? | 55% |
| How many adults discharged from probation meet the conditions of their supervision? | 51% |
| general conditions of probation | apply to all probationers in a given jurisdiction |
| special conditions of probation | mandated by a judge who feels the probationer needs particular guidance or control |
| Parole | conditional supervised early release of inmates from correctional confinement |
| medical parole | early release option under which an inmate is deemed “low risk” due to a serious physical and mental health condition under normal circumstances |
| What percentage of inmates released from prison are paroled? | 25% |
| What percentage of parolees complete parole? | 56% |
| conditions of parole | the general and specific limit imposed on an offender who is released on parole |
| parole violation | an act or failure to act by a parolee that does not conform to the conditions of parole can lead to parole revocation |
| technical violations | minor violations of parole, such as having a phone or smoking weed. Many of these can lead to going back to prison |
| major violations | committing another crime OR being accused of another crime while on parole |
| parole revocation | the administrative action of removing a person from parole in response to a violation of conditions |
| restitution | a court requirement that an alleged or convicted offender pay money or provide services to the victim of the crime or provide services to the community |
| advantages of probation and parole | low cost, increased employment, restitution, community upport, reduced risk of criminal socialization, increased use of community services, increased opportunity for rehab |
| disadvantages of probation and parole | relative lack of punishment, increased risk to community, increased social cost, recidivism |
| recidivism | tendency to reoffend |
| Griffin v. Wisconsin | probation officers may search a probationer’s residence without a warrant or probable cause |
| Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole v. Scott | allowed parole officers to search a parolee's residence without warrant or probable cause |
| revocation hearing | a hearing held before a judge to determine whether a parolee or probationer has violated the conditions and requirements of parole or probation |
| What percentage of parolees have their conditional release revoked? | 15% |
| what are the four main functions of probation and parole officers? | presentence investigations, intake procedures, diagnosis and needs assessment, client supervision |
| presentence investigations | completes background information and makes recommendations to the judge |
| intake procedures | records demographic information, education and work history, medical and mental health history |
| diagnosis and needs assessment | implements any needed D & A, mental health treatment; parenting classes, anger management, batterers treatment, etc. possibility of attending Veteran’s Court or mental health Court alternatives |
| client supervision | meets with client regularly, collects service provider reports, administers drug tests |
| What are some challenges of probation and parole officers? | balancing conflicting duties (helping and enforcing), large caseloads, lack of upper-level opportunity, high stress |
| Intensive Probation Supervision | a form of probation supervision involving frequent face-to-face contact between the probationer and the probation officer |
| What is another name for an Intensive Probation Supervision | Day Reporting Center |
| house arrest | offenders are confined to their residences; use GPS ankle monitor to track offenders |
| advantages of house arrest | cost-effective, socially cost-effective, reduces likelihood of failure under community supervision |
| criticisms of house arrest | may endanger public, may not be enough punishment |
| By estimate, in how many years will over half of offender released on parole by reincarcerated? | 3 years |
| What are some issues that make successful reentry difficult | substance abuse, lack of education, lack of employment opportunities, disabilities |
| reentry courts | specialized courts combining intensive judicial oversight with rehabilitative services |
| Second Chance Act | authorized $400 million in federal funds between 2008 and 2012 to assist offenders reentering the community; created National Reentry Resource Center |
Created by:
nbeck119