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Practice 16
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are pathogens? Agents that alter DNA base sequences A type of antibody Phagocytic leukocytes Disease-causing agents | Disease-causing agents |
| What role does the lymphatic system have in influencing body fluids? It adds hypotonic fluid to any tissue fluid that has an elevated solute concentration. It provides the fluid needed to bathe tissue cells in nutrient-rich fluid. It moves tissue fluid from one area to another, ensuring that all tissue fluid levels are consistent. It moves excess tissue fluid from the interstitium to the bloodstream. | It moves excess tissue fluid from the interstitium to the bloodstream. |
| The structure of a lymphatic vessel is most similar to that of a(n)__________. arteriole artery vein capillary | vein |
| From the collecting ducts, lymph enters__________ and becomes part of the__________. veins; plasma lymph nodes; tissue fluid capillaries; blood supply lymphatic trunks; interstital fluid | veins; plasma |
| In what situation will there be an increase in lymph formation? Decreased volume of tissue fluid. Decreased protein concentration in tissue fluid. Increased hydrostatic pressure in tissue fluid. Increased osmotic pressure in blood capillaries. | Increased hydrostatic pressure in tissue fluid. |
| How does lymph differ from plasma? Lymph is colorless and plasma is red. Lymph has more protein than plasma. Lymph provides nutrients to tissues and plasma provides oxygen. Lymph contains only white blood cells and plasma contains both red and white blood cells. | Lymph contains only white blood cells and plasma contains both red and white blood cells. |
| What is one function of lymph? Transport of foreign particles to the lymph nodes. Return of proteins to the tissue fluid. Transport of foreign particles to the kidneys. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. | Transport of foreign particles to the lymph nodes. |
| Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system? Transporting oxygen-poor blood back to the venous system. Returning interstitial fluid to the bloodstream. Protecting the body against infection. Transporting the products of lipid digestion from the intestine to the liver. | Transporting oxygen-poor blood back to the venous system. |
| Tissue fluid is formed when fluid__________ and lymph is formed when fluid__________. is forced out of blood plasma; enters blood capillaries is forced out of lymph capillaries; enters blood capillaries is forced out of lymph vessels; enters lymph capillaries is forced out of blood plasma; enters lymph capillaries | is forced out of blood plasma; enters lymph capillaries |
| The region of a lymph node through which blood vessels and nerves pass is called the__________. nodule hilum capsule sinus | hilum |
| Cervical lymph nodes filter lymph draining from what region? Abdominal viscera Thoracic viscera Scalp and face Upper limb and mammary gland | Upper limb and mammary gland |
| Which of the following cells function as phagocytes? Mast cells Macrophages Lymphocytes Erythrocytes | Macrophages |
| Which statement describes the spleen? It functions to produce T lymphocytes. It resembles a large lymph node divided into lobules. It filters lymph. It consists of two lobes and is located in the mediastinum. | It resembles a large lymph node divided into lobules. |
| Name the class of hormones that stimulate maturation of T lymphocytes. Thymosins Gonadotropins Thyroid hormones Insulins | Thymosins |
| How can the innate defenses be characterized? Slow and nonspecific Fast and nonspecific Slow and specific Fast and specific | Fast and nonspecific |
| How do viruses differ from other pathogens? They are not capable of reproducing outside a living cell. They are larger than most other pathogens. They are multicellular. They are more likely to cause life-threatening infections. | They are not capable of reproducing outside a living cell. |
| The redness and swelling that occurs with inflammation is due to what changes in the infected/injured tissue? Increased blood flow and capillary permeability. Increased blood flow and decreased capillary permeability. Decreased blood flow and increased capillary permeability. Decreased blood flow and capillary permeability. | Increased blood flow and capillary permeability. |
| What cells make up the mononuclear phagocytic system? Basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils Monocytes and macrophages T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes Mast cells and megakaryocytes | Monocytes and macrophages |
| Virus-infected cells release__________ that function to protect nearby cells from becoming infected. complement exudate interferons perforin | interferons |
| What type of phagocytic cells are circulating in the blood? Neutrophils and macrophages Lymphocytes and monocytes Neutrophils and monocytes Monocytes and macrophages | Neutrophils and monocytes |
| What is the effect of interleukin-1 secretion? An allergic response Cytokine secretion Fever An antibody response | Fever |
| Mucus, tears, saliva, and hair are all examples of what type of defense against potential pathogens? Mechanical barriers Chemical barriers Mononuclear phagocytic system Adaptive defenses | Mechanical barriers |
| What defense mechanism responds to the presence of foreign antigens by initiating a cascade of reactions, resulting in inflammation and enhanced phagocytosis in the area? Interferon Natural killer cells Complement system Adaptive defenses | Complement system |
| What responses to a pathogen are slower but more specific? Innate defenses Inborn defenses Adaptive defenses Nonspecific defenses | Adaptive defenses |
| Which of the following occurs during an adaptive immune response? Production of defensins Production of interferon Phagocytosis Production of antibodies | Production of antibodies |
| Following a tissue transplant, the transplant recipients typically need to take medications to__________. stimulate their immune system suppress their immune system prevent blood clots from forming lower their blood pressure | suppress their immune system |
| What cell types are primarily responsible for immunity? Lymphocytes and monocytes Lymphocytes and macrophages Neutrophils and lymphocytes Monocytes and macrophages | Lymphocytes and macrophages |
| T lymphocytes are responsible for what aspect of defense against infection? Fever Inflammation Cellular immune response Humoral immune response | Cellular immune response |
| What type of immunoglobulin is the most abundant of the circulating antibodies? IgA IgE IgG IgD | IgG |
| What type of immune resistance will a person develop after contracting and fighting off an infection? Naturally acquired active immunity Naturally acquired passive immunity Artificially acquired active immunity Artificially acquired passive immunity | Naturally acquired active immunity |
| List some of the cytokines that are important to an immune response. Major histocompatibility complex, perforin Interleukin-1, interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor Histamine, prostaglandin D2, leukotrienes IgG, IgA, and IgM | Interleukin-1, interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor |
| What type of immunoglobulins are involved in type I hypersensitivity? IgM IgA IgD IgE | IgE |
| What is the target of cytotoxic T cells? Helper T cells Cancer cells and virally infected cells Anitgen-presenting cells Antigens in solution | Cancer cells and virally infected cells |
| How do cytotoxic T cells destroy their targeted cells? They release perforin which puts holes in the cell membranes of the targeted cells. They cause helper T cells to directly attack the targeted cells, using cytokines as signals. They directly phagocytize the targeted cells, engulfing and destroying them. They produce antibodies that bind to and stimulate phagocytosis of the targeted cells. | They release perforin which puts holes in the cell membranes of the targeted cells. |
| Newborns can be protected against certain digestive and respiratory infections when they receive__________ via their mother's milk. IgA IgD IgD IgM | IgA |
| Antigen-presenting cells engulf and digest an antigen, then insert antigen fragments on their cell surfaces in association with__________. class I MHC proteins class II MHC proteins | class II MHC proteins |
| Rheumatic fever, Graves' disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus are examples of___________. antibody-dependent cytotoxic reaction disorders autoimmune disorders graft-versus-host disorders immediate-reaction hypersensitivity disorders | autoimmune disorders |
| What is the relationship between antigens and antibodies? The presence of an antigen triggers the production of antibodies. Antibodies can be foreign cells, proteins, or other large molecules. Antigens are large proteins made by B cells. The presence of antibodies triggers the production of antigens. Antigens function to destroy or neutralize antibodies. | The presence of an antigen triggers the production of antibodies. |
| What is the function of plasma cells? To produce antibody molecules. To directly attack cells displaying antigens. To produce interferon. To increase the volume of the blood plasma. | To produce antibody molecules. |
| What occurs during a primary immune response? The plasma antibody concentration increases rapidly with maximal levels occurring at about 1-2 days after exposure. Concentration drops off quickly at about day 5. The plasma antibody concentration increases slowly, peaking at about 10-12 days after exposure to antigen. The plasma antibody concentration increases rapidly with maximal levels occurring at about 1-2 days after exposure. Concentration remains high for prolonged period. | The plasma antibody concentration increases slowly, peaking at about 10-12 days after exposure to antigen. |
| What is the result of a cellular immune response? B cells attach directly to cells displaying foreign antigens and destroy them. T cells attach directly to cells displaying foreign antigens and destroy them. T cells produce antibodies that attack antigens. B cells produce antibodies that attack antigens. | T cells attach directly to cells displaying foreign antigens and destroy them |
| How does a vaccine produce its effects? By directly binding to the antigens and neutralizing them. By using chemotaxis to attract antigens to areas where the vaccine can destroy them. By activating autoantibodies. By stimulating a primary immune response. | By stimulating a primary immune response |
| Following contact with its targeted antigen, a B cell will divide and differentiate into__________ which produce and secrete antibodies. antibodies plasma cells T cells megakaryocytes | plasma cells |
| Antibody actions against antigens include__________ in which the antibodies bind to antigen, forming an insoluble complex that can be phagocytized. agglutination precipitation lysis opsonization | precipitation |
| What is opsonization? Process of directly causing the rupture of a foreign cell. Process of coating of an antigen with proteins to make it more readily phagocytized. Process of binding of antibodies to the toxic region of an antigen, making it unable to have its toxic effect. Process of activating helper T cells. | Process of coating of an antigen with proteins to make it more readily phagocytized |
| Immune cells called__________ are activated when their antigen receptors bind to displayed foreign antigens. They will then release cytokines that function to continue the immune response. natural killer cells plasma cells B lymphocytes helper T cells | helper T cells |
| If a vaccine is given to most people in a population, it can halt the spread of an infection because of__________. passive immunity herd immunity innate immunity autoimmunity | herd immunity |
| When does aging of the lymphatic system begin? Before birth At birth Shortly after birth After age 50 | Before birth "since birf" |
| What part of an antibody molecule binds to its targeted antigen? The end of the molecule consisting of both heavy chain constant regions. The ends of the molecule consisting of both light and heavy chain variable regions. The end of the molecule consisting of a heavy chain constant region and a light chain variable region. The ends of the molecules consisting of a heavy chain variable region and a light chain constant region. | The ends of the molecule consisting of both light and heavy chain variable regions. |
| Anaphylactic shock is a risk with what type of hypersensitivity? Type II hypersensitivity Type IV hypersensitivity Type III hypersensitivity Type I hypersensitivity | Type I hypersensitivity |
| Chapter 16 Study Material J. Garrison |
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garrisonjr84